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Chapter 1: Basic Concepts
The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography
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Defining Geography – pg 4 • Word coined by Eratosthenes
– Geo = Earth – Graphia = writing
• Geography thus means “earth writing”
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Contemporary Geography pg 4 • Geographers ask where and why
– Location and distribution are important terms
• Geographers are concerned with the tension between globalization and local diversity
• A division: physical geography and human geography
• Why are geographers interested in the worldwide spread of McDonald’s?
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Geography’s Vocabulary – pg 5 • Place • Region • Scale • Space • Connections
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Key Issue 1 – How Do Geographers Describe Where Things Are?
Maps – pg 6
• Two purposes – As reference tools
• To find locations, to find one’s way
– As communications tools • To show the distribution of human and physical
features
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Early Map Making
Figure 1-2
What are the makers of maps called? What is the science of map making called?
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Maps: Scale – pg 7 • Types of map scale
– Ratio or fraction – Written – Graphic
• Projection – pg 8 – Distortion
• Shape • Distance • Relative size • Direction
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Maps: Scale – pg 7 • Projection – pg 8
– Distortion • Shape • Distance • Relative size • Direction
– What are the names two types of uninterrupted projections? Pg - 9
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U.S. Land Ordinance of 1785 – pg 9
• Township and range system – Township = 6 sq. miles on each side
• North–south lines = principal meridians • East–west lines = base lines
– Range – Sections
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Township and Range System-pg10
Figure 1-5
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Contemporary Tools – pgs 9-12 • Geographic
Information Science (GIScience) – Global Positioning
Systems (GPS) – Remote sensing – Geographic
information systems (GIS) Figure 1-7
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A Mash-up – pg 13
Figure 1-8
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Key Issue 2 – Why Is Each Point on Earth Unique? Pg 13
Place: Unique Location of a Feature
• Location – Place names
• Toponym – What are the different categories of toponyms?
– Site – pg 14 – Situation – pg 14 - 15 – Mathematical location – pg 15
• What are the names of the elements that make up the grid pattern on earth’s surface?
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Place: Mathematical Location – pg 15
• Location of any place can be described precisely by meridians and parallels – Meridians (lines of longitude)
• Prime meridian – Parallels (lines of latitude)
• The equator
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The Cultural Landscape-pg 17 • A unique combination of social
relationships and physical processes • Regional studies – ?? (Carl Sauer) • Each region = a distinctive landscape • People = the most important agents of
change to Earth’s surface
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Types of Regions – pg 17 • Formal (uniform) regions
– Example: Montana • Functional (nodal) regions – pg 19
– Example: the circulation area of a newspaper
• Vernacular (cultural) regions – pg 19 – Example: the American South
• ‘mental map’ • What’s another name for ‘vernacular’ region?
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Culture – pg 21 • Origin from the Latin cultus, meaning “to care for”
• Two aspects: – What people care about
• Beliefs, values, and customs – What people take care of
• Earning a living; obtaining food, clothing, and shelter
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Cultural Ecology – pg 24 • The geographic study of human–
environment relationships • Two perspectives:
– Environmental determinism - ?? – Possibilism
• Modern geographers generally reject environmental determinism in favor of possibilism
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Physical Processes – pg 24 - 25 • Climate • Vegetation • Soil • Landforms
– These four processes are important for understanding human activities
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Modifying the Environment- pg 26 - 27
• Examples – The Netherlands
• Polders – how are they created?
– The Florida Everglades
Figure 1-21
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Key Issue 3 Why Are Different Places Similar
• Scale – From Local to Global – pg 28-29
• Globalization of Economy – Economic globalization
• Transnational corporations – Cultural globalization
• A global culture?
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Space: Distribution of Features • Distribution—three features
– Density • Arithmetic
– How is a country’s arithmetic density calculated?
• Physiological • Agricultural
– Concentration – Pattern
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Space–Time Compression – pg 35
Figure 1-29
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Spatial Interaction – pg 36 • Transportation networks • Electronic communications and
the “death” of geography? • Distance decay - ?
Figure 1-30
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Diffusion – pg 39 • The process by which a characteristic
spreads across space and over time • Hearth = source area for innovations • Two types of diffusion
– Relocation - ? – Expansion - ?
• Three types: hierarchical, contagious, stimulus
– Expansion of Culture and Economy • Uneven development
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Relocation Diffusion: Example
Figure 1-31
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The End.
Up next: Population