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Chap 8- Photosynthesis
_______- the ability to do work
All living organisms must obtain and use energy to survive
___________: obtain energy from nonliving sources
Plants and some other types of organisms able to use _______ energy from the sun to produce _______
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Chap 8- Photosynthesis
___________- must obtain energy from an outside source (cannot make own)
All organisms must release energy stored _________ by autotrophs
Energy stored in ________ formed between atoms
When bonds are broken (or new ones formed), _______ released
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Chap 8- Photosynthesis
___________ _________ (___)- source of energy for the cell
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Chap 8- Photosynthesis
In the presence of _______, plants transform ______ ________and water into ___________
Release ________ in the process
General equation:
__CO2 + __H2O ________ + __O2
Carbon dioxide + water light sugars + oxygen
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Chap 8- Photosynthesis
Plant cells contain light-absorbing chemicals, called __________, that absorb certain _________ of visible light
Principle pigment is ___________ (a & b)
Absorb light in the ________ and ________ wavelengths
_________ pigments absorb additional wavelengths and pass onto ___________
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STROMA GRANA
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Chap 8- Photosynthesis
Process of photosynthesis involves _____ energy conversions:
– __________ of light energy
– Conversion of _____ energy into ________ energy
– ________ of chemical energy in the form of _______
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Chap 8- Photosynthesis________________ reactions: pigment
molecules absorb light energy and convert it to ATP (light energy chemical energy)
-Takes place on ________ membrane
Chemical energy used to make 6-carbon sugars from CO2 – reaction known as the ________ _______
-Takes place in ________ (space surrounding thylakoids inside chloroplasts)
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Chap 8- PhotosynthesisLight-Dependant Reactions
Use energy from sunlight to produce energy carriers ____ and ______ (from ____ and _______)
______ gas is a by-product of these reactions (created by breaking ______)
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Chap 8- Photosynthesis
The Calvin Cycle
________________ reactions
Plants use energy in ATP and NADPH to form long-term energy _______ molecules
ATP & NADPH high-energy ________
Sugars used as building blocks & for energy by plants
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Chap 8- Photosynthesis
_____ (activity per unit of time) of photosynthesis affected by:
– Concentrations of ___ and _____
– ____________
– _______ _________
– Availability of _________
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Chap 9- Cellular RespirationChemical Energy & Food
1g of glucose = _____ calories of heat energy
Food energy not released ___ ___ ____:
released ___________
Process begins with chemical pathway called __________ (small amount of energy)
If ________ present: leads to one pathway
If __ ________ present: leads to different pathway
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Chap 9- Cellular Respiration
Overview of Cellular Respiration
When oxygen is present:
-glycolysis -_____ ______
-electron transport chain
Three pathways make up process called _______ ___________
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Chap 9- Cellular Respiration
Releases energy from _______ and other food molecules in the presence of ______
General equation:
C6H12O6 + _O2 _CO2 + _H2O + _____
________ + _______ carbon dioxide + water + ________
Cell releases energy in little bits
Captures the energy in _____
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Chap 9- Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Process which breaks a molecule of glucose in ____
Produces two molecules of ________ ____
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Chap 9- Cellular Respiration
Fermentation
_________ process (occurs without ______)
Two types:
________ fermentation- yeast cells and some bacteria
Pyruvic acid + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
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Chap 9- Cellular Respiration
______ ____ fermentation- in ______ during heavy exercise; unicellular organisms
Pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD+
Microorganisms used to make variety of _____ products
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Chap 9- Cellular Respiration
______ pathways: Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
MUST have oxygen to occur
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Chap 9- Cellular RespirationKrebs CyclePyruvic acid broken down into carbon
dioxide in series of energy-extracting stepsIn process:
__ CO2 molecules released __ NADH produced__ ATP produced
__ FADH2 produced!!**per _______ of pyruvic acid**!!
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Chap 9- Cellular RespirationElectron Transport
ETC (electron transport chain) uses the high-energy _________ from the Krebs cycle to convert ____ into ____
1. ETC located on ______ mitochondrion membrane
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Chap 9- Cellular Respiration
2. With every two electrons, ___ ions are pumped across membrane
Builds up concentration _________ across membrane
3. ___ ________ allows H+ ions across membrane
Uses energy of gradient to convert ADP to ATP (__ ATP for each pair of H+ ions)
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Chap 9- Cellular RespirationFinal Tally
Glycolysis:
2 ATP 2 NADH
Krebs Cycle:
2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2
ETC:
___ ATP (from NADH & FADH2)
Total:
___ ATP from one molecule of ______
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Chap 9- Cellular Respiration
Cell-
___% efficiency of extracting energy from glucose
Gas engine-
__%-__% efficiency
Rest is lost as _____ energy
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Chap 9- Cellular Respiration
Comparison of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis “_______” energy
Cellular respiration “________” energy
Photosynthesis removes _______ ______ from atmosphere, adds _______
Cellular respiration removes _______ from atmosphere, adds _______ ________
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Chap 9- Cellular Respiration
General equation for Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
General equation for Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O