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Changes in Ecosystems: Ecological Succession
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What is Ecological Succession?
• Ecological Succession is the natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in an area – Can be primary or secondary
– The gradual replacement of one plant community by another through natural processes over time
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What are Pioneer species?
• Pioneer species are a group of organisms, such as lichens, found in the primary stage of succession and that begin an area's soil-building process.
LICHENS FIREWEED MOSS
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Pioneer Species
Lichens break down rock to form soil.
Low, growing moss plants trap moisture
and prevent soil erosion
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Stages of Primary Succession
1 2 3 4
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Secondary Succession
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Stages of Secondary Succession
1 2 3 4
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Secondary Succession
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Climax Community
• A climax community is a stable group of plants and animals that is the end result of the succession process
• Does not always mean big trees
–Grasses in prairies
–Cacti in deserts
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Climax Community
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What are Keystone Species?
• Keystone species are a single species that is not usually numerous in a community but exerts strong control on the structure of the community.
• If the population of a keystone species declines it can have dramatic changes on the other species in the community.
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Keystone Species
• Hunting of sea otters caused the kelp forest to nearly vanish.
• WHY?
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Keystone Species
• Killing of prairie dogs by farmers caused the black-footed ferret to become nearly extinct.
• WHY?
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Keystone Species
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Succession Flow Chart
PRIMARY SUCCESSION Step 1:
SECONDARY SUCCESSION Step 1:
Step 2:
Step 2:
Step 3: Step 3:
Step 4:
Step 4: