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Changes in Ecosystems:
Ecological Succession
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Definition:
• Natural, gradual changes in the types of
species that live in an area; can be
primary or secondary
• The gradual replacement of one plant
community by another through natural
processes over time
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Primary Succession
• Begins in a place without any soil
– Sides of volcanoes
– Landslides
– Flooding
• Starts with the arrival of living things such
as lichens that do not need soil to survive
• Called PIONEER SPECIES
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http://botit.botany.wisc.edu
http://www.saguaro-juniper.com/
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Primary Succession
• Soil starts to form as lichens and the
forces of weather and erosion help break
down rocks into smaller pieces
• When lichens die, they decompose,
adding small amounts of organic matter to
the rock to make soil
• Decomposed lichens add to the soil
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Primary Succession
• Simple plants like mosses and ferns can
grow in the new soil
http://uisstc.georgetow
n.edu
http://www.uncw.edu
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Primary Succession
• The simple plants die, adding more
organic material
• The soil layer thickens, and grasses,
wildflowers, and other plants begin to take
over
http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu
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Primary Succession
• These plants die, and they add more
nutrients to the soil
• Shrubs and trees can survive now
http://www.rowan.edu
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Primary Succession
• Insects, small birds, and mammals begin
to move in
• What was once bare rock now supports a
variety of life
http://p2-raw.greenpeace.org
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Secondary Succession
• Begins in a place that already has soil and
was once the home of living organisms
• A disturbance of some kind changes an
existing community
• Occurs faster and has different pioneer
species than primary succession
• Example: after forest fires
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Timeline
0yrs 5yrs 15yrs 25yrs 50-80yrs 150+
Biodiversity
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Climax Community
• A stable group of plants and animals that
is the end result of the succession
process
• Does not always mean big trees
– Grasses in prairies
– Cacti in deserts
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Answer the next three
questions on the bottom of
page 9
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1. This picture was taken after the fire. What plant life will emerge? What plants will succeed after this environmental change? Forest fires are a natural part of the life cycle of the community.
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2. Farmers clear land for crops and easier access to the main road. What type of succession do new roads cause? How would it affect the plants and animals?
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3. A volcano has just erupted and covered the area with lava. What type of succession will occur after this event?
Explain your choice.