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Changes in Communities:Ecological Succession
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Ecological Succession
• The natural, gradual changes in the types of species that live in a particular area
• The gradual replacement of one plant community by another through natural processes over time
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Primary Succession
• Begins in a place without any soil – Sides of volcanoes– Landslides– Flooding
• Starts with the arrival of organisms that do not need soil to survive, such as lichens.
• Called PIONEER SPECIES
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Primary Succession
• Soil starts to form as lichens and the forces of weather and erosion help break down rocks into smaller pieces
• When lichens die, they decompose, adding small amounts of organic matter to the rock to make soil
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Primary Succession
• Simple plants like mosses and ferns can grow in the new soil
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Primary Succession
• The simple plants die, adding more organic material
• The soil layer thickens, and grasses, wildflowers, and other plants begin to take over
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Primary Succession
• These plants die and they add more nutrients to the soil
• Shrubs and trees can now survive
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Primary Succession
• Insects, small birds, and mammals have begun to move in
• What was once bare rock now supports a variety of life
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Secondary Succession
• Begins in a place that already has soil and was once the home of living organisms
• Occurs faster and has different pioneer species than primary succession
• Example: after forest fires
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Secondary SuccessionOn Abandoned Farmland
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Two Types of SuccessionFrom http://www.geowords.org/ensci/imagesbook/04_03_succession.swf
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Climax Community
• A stable group of plants and animals that is the end result of the succession process
• Does not always mean big trees– Grasses in prairies– Cacti in deserts
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Invasive Species
Defined as a species that is:1. non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under
consideration.
2. whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.
• Invasive species can be plants, animals, and other organisms (e.g., microbes).
• Human actions are the primary means of invasive species introductions.
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Eastern Red Cedar:An Invasive Species
• Eastern Red Cedar invasions create a forest canopy which out-competes native vegetation for sunlight and water.
• The resulting bare soils and increased erosion severely impact native plants and animals.
• How are humans responsible?
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A Local Example
Southeast corner of 135th & Quivira