Download - Ch6 atomssection1
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Atoms and the Periodic Table
• Chapter Six: The Atom
• Chapter Seven: Elements and the Periodic Table
• Chapter Eight: Molecules and Compounds
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Chapter Six: The Atom
• 6.1 Fundamental Particles and Forces
• 6.2 Electrons in the Atom
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Investigation 6A
• What is inside an atom?
The Atom
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Bill Nye Atoms
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6.1 Fundamental Particles and Forces
• Matter has another fundamental property that we call electric charge.
•We know of two different kinds of electric charge and we call them positive and negative.
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6.1 Fundamental Particles and Forces
• We say an object is electrically neutral when its total electric charge is zero.
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6.1 Fundamental Particles and Forces
• A tiny imbalance of positive or negative charge is the cause of static electricity.
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6.1 Inside an atom
• In 1897 English physicist J. J. Thomson discovered that electricity passing through a gas caused the gas to give off particles that were too small to be atoms.
• These negative particles were eventually called “electrons.”
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6.1 Inside an atom
• In 1911, Ernest Rutherford, Hans Geiger, and Ernest Marsden did a clever experiment to test Thomson’s model.
• We now know that every atom has a tiny nucleus, which contains more than 99% of the atom’s mass.
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6.1 Inside an atom
• The mass of the nucleus determines the mass of an atom because protons and neutrons are much larger and more massive than electrons.
• In fact, a proton is 1,836 times heavier than an electron.
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6.1 Force inside atoms
• Electrons are bound to the nucleus by the attractive force between electrons (-) and protons (+).
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6.1 Force inside atoms
• What holds the nucleus together?
• There is another force that is even stronger than the electric force.
• We call it the strong nuclear force.
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6.1 How atoms of different elements are different
• The atoms of different elements contain different numbers of protons in the nucleus.
• Because the number of protons is so important, it is called the atomic number.
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6.1 How atoms of different elements are different
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
• The mass number of an isotope tells you the number of protons plus the number of neutrons.How are these carbon
isotopes different?
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6.1 Radioactivity
• Almost all elements have one or more isotopes that are stable.
• “Stable” means the nucleus stays together.
• Carbon-14 is radioactive because it has an unstable nucleus.
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Activity
• Radioactivity is how we describe any process where the nucleus of an atom emits particles or energy.
• All radioactive elements have a half-life.
• You will use pennies to simulate the process of radioactive decay.
Atoms and Radioactivity
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