Download - Ch.5 carbs, lipids
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Carbohydrates & Lipids
KEY WORDSDehydration Synthesis (Condensation)PolymerMonomerCarbohydrateSimple sugarComplex carbohydrateStarchGlycogenCelluloseLipidTriglycerideSaturated fatty acidUnsaturated fatty acidSteroidCholesterol
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The synthesis and breakdown of polymers
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CARBOHYDRATES
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Carbohydrate Types
• Hexose = 6 carbons Glucose –cell energy Fructose - honey Galactose – milk
• Pentose = 5 carbons Ribose - RNA Deoxyribose - DNA
1. SIMPLE SUGARSMonosaccharides - one sugar molecule
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Linear and ring forms of glucose
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Sucrose (sugar)Glucose + Fructose
Lactose (milk)Glucose + Galactose
Maltose (grains)Glucose + Glucose
Carbohydrate Types
2. SIMPLE SUGARSDisaccharides - two sugar molecule
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How are disaccharides made?
Dehydration synthesis:
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Examples of disaccharide synthesis
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POLYSACCHARIDES:Long chains of monosaccharides
EXAMPLESStarch (amylose)GlycogenFiber (cellulose)Chitin
Carbohydrate Types
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
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Starch
• Long-term energy storage of glucose for plants (roots, seeds)
• < 500,000 glucoses
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Glycogen
Short term storagepolysaccharide for animals
• ~300g stored carbo in body
• 72g liver (glycogen)• 245g muscle (glycogen)• 10g blood (glucose)
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Storage polysaccharides
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ChitinString of modified glucose
Structural component of:Insects, Arthropods, fungi
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Cellulose•Polymer of glucose•Structural material in plants - Fiber
•Cellulose
•Starch
•Monomers linked together differently than in starch•Why indigestible?
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Starch verses Cellulose
• Glucose linked differently • Cellulose is not recognized by our digestive
enzymes• Some organisms (microbes) in the guts of
cows and termites do make enzymes that can digest cellulose
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Starch and cellulose structures
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Starch and cellulose structures
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QUESTION
When you eat a starchy food, an enzyme in your mouth breaks it down into maltose. Maltose enters your small intestine, where it is broken down into glucose. The starch is a _________, the maltose is a ________, and the glucose is a(n):_________.
a) Protein dipeptide amino acidb) Monosaccharide disaccharide
polysaccharidec) Triglyceride fatty acid glycerold) Amino acid dipeptide proteine) Polysaccharide disaccharide
monosaccharide
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Question
• Which of the following terms includes all others in the list?
A. MonosaccharideB. DisaccharideC. StarchD. CarbohydrateE. Polysaccharide
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Question
• The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for 10 glucoses linked together?
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LIPIDS
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Three Major Groups of Lipids
• Oils, Fats, and Waxes
• Phospholipids
• Steroids (Cholesterol, Estrogen, Testosterone, etc…)
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Similarities of Fats and Oils
• All contain C, H, and O
• Usually no ring structures
• Made up of fatty acid subunits (long chain of carbons and hydrogen with a carboxyl end)
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Triglycerides
• Fats and Oils have 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol (condensation)
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The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
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Fatty Acid Subunits: FATS vs. OILS
• Solid at room temperature• From animal sources,
coco & palm• Saturated with hydrogens
• Liquid at room temp.• From plants• Unsaturated
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Unsaturated
Polyunsaturated
Saturated
Types of Fatty acids
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SaturatedUnsaturated
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Unsaturated Fats
• Monounsaturated: One C=C – olive, canola, nut oils
• Polyunsaturated: More than one C=C– corn safflower, soy oils
• Hydrogenated: Oils made solid by breaking C=C bonds and replacing with H (Hydrogenation) – Partially hydrogenated - margarine
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Phospholipids• One fatty acid chain (non-polar,
hydrophobic) of triglyceride replaced with a phosphate group (charged, hydrophilic)
• chief component of lipid bilayer, outer membrane of all cells
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Phospholipids
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Steroids
• Four fused rings of carbon
• steroid hormones: estrogen,
testosterone
• cholesterol: vital component of cell membranes
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Cholesterol, a steroid
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Cholesterol•Body will make if not enough in diet•Part of lipid membrane around cells•Helps stabilize, strengthen membrane
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The structure of a phospholipid
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Phospholipid
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Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments
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Question
• What is the difference between the two ring forms of glucose (alpha & beta)?
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Question
• Human sex hormones belong to what family of lipids?
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Question
• How many water molecules are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 100 monomers long?
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Question
Unsaturated fats:
A. Are more common in animals than plantsB. Have double bonds in their carbon chainsC. Solidify at room temperatureD. Contain more H than saturated fats
having the same # of CE. Have fewer fatty acid chains
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Next Time:
Macromolecules, Part Two
Proteins and Nucleic Acids