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OrganizationalOrganizationalBehavior, 9/EBehavior, 9/E
Schermerhorn, Hunt, andSchermerhorn, Hunt, and
OsbornOsborn
Prepared by
Michael K. McCuddy
Valparaiso University
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 2
Chapter 5 Study Questions
What is the perception process?
What are common perceptualdistortions?
How can perceptions be managed?
What is attribution theory?
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 3
Study Question 1: What is the
perception process?
Perception.
The process by which people select, organize,interpret, retrieve, and respond to information.
People process information inputs into
responses involving feeling and action.The quality or accuracy of a persons
perceptions has a major impact on responses.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 4
Study Question 1: What is the perception
process?
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 5
Study Question 1: What is the
perception process?
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 7
Study Question 1: What is the
perception process? Information attention and selection.
Selective screening.
Lets in only a tiny portion all the information that
is available.
Two types of selective screening.
Controlled processing.
Screening without perceivers conscious
awareness.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 8
Study Question 1: What is the
perception process?Organization of information.
Schemas. Cognitive frameworks that represent organized
knowledge about a given concept or stimulusdeveloped through experience.
Types of schemas: Self schemas.
Person schemas.
Script schemas.
Person-in-situation schemas.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 9
Study Question 1: What is the
perception process?
Information interpretation.
Uncovering the reasons behind the ways
stimuli are grouped.
People may interpret the same information
differently or make different attributions about
information.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 10
Study Question 1: What is the
perception process?
Information retrieval.
Attention and selection, organization, and
interpretation are part of memory.
Information stored in memory must be retrievedin order to be used.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 11
Study Question 2: What are common
perceptual distortions?
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 12
Study Question 2: What are common
perceptual distortions?
Stereotypes or prototypes.
Combines information based on the categoryor class to which a person, situation, or object
belongs.
Individual differences are obscured.
Strong impact at the organization stage.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 13
Study Question 2: What are common
perceptual distortions?
Halo effects.
Occur when one attribute of a person or
situation is used to develop an overall
impression of the individual or situation.
Likely to occur in the organization stage.
Important in the performance appraisal
process.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 14
Study Question 2: What are common
perceptual distortions? Selective perception.
The tendency to single out those aspects of a
situation, person, or object that are consistent
with ones needs, values, or attitudes.
Strongest impact is at the attention stage.
Perception checking with other persons can
help counter the adverse impact of selective
perception.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 15
Study Question 2: What are common
perceptual distortions?Projection.
The assignment of ones personal attributes to other
individuals.
Especially likely to occur in interpretation stage.
Projection can be controlled through a high degree of
self-awareness and empathy.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 16
Study Question 2: What are common
perceptual distortions?Contrast effects.
Occur when an individual is compared to other
people on the same characteristics on which the
others rank higher or lower.
People must be aware of the impact of contrast
effects in many work settings
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 17
Study Question 2: What are common
perceptual distortions?Self-fulfilling prophecy.
The tendency to create or find in another
situation or individual that which one expectedto find.
Also called the Pygmalion effect.
Can have either positive or negative outcomes.Managers should adopt positive and optimistic
approaches to people at work.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 19
Study Question 3: How can
perceptions be managed?
Distortion management.
Managers should: Balance automatic and controlled information
processing at the attention and selection stage.
Broaden their schemas at the organizing stage.
Be attuned to attributions at the interpretation
stage.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 20
Study Question 4:What is
attribution theory?Attribution theory aids in perceptual
interpretation by focusing on how people
attempt to:Understand the causes of a certain event.
Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the
event.Evaluate the personal qualities of the people
involved in the event.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 21
Study Question 4:What is
attribution theory?Factors influencing internal and external
attributions.
Distinctiveness consistency of a personsbehavior across situations.
Consensus likelihood of others responding
in a similar way.Consistency whether an individual
responds the same way across time.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 22
Study Question 4:What is
attribution theory?
Fundamental attribution error.
Applies to the evaluation of someones else
behavior.
Attributing success to the influence of
situational factors.
Attributing failure to the influence of personal
factors.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 23
Study Question 4:What is
attribution theory?Self-serving bias.
Applies to the evaluation of our own behavior.
Attributing success to the influence of personal factors.
Attributing failure to the influence of situational factors.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 24
Study Question 4:What is
attribution theory? Techniques for effectively managing perceptions
and attributions.
Be self-aware.
Seek a wide range of differing information.
Try to see a situation as others would.
Be aware of different kinds of schemas.
Be aware of perceptual distortions.
Be aware of self and impression management.
Be aware of attribution theory implications.
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Organizational Behavior: Chapter 5 25
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