Download - Ch. 5 - Macromolecules
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Ch. 5 - Macromolecules• Smaller organic molecules join together to
form larger molecules– macromolecules
• 4 major classes of macromolecules:– carbohydrates– lipids– proteins– nucleic acids
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H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
Polymers• Long molecules built by linking repeating
building blocks in a chain (polymerization)– monomers
• building blocks• repeated small units
– covalent bonds
Dehydration synthesis
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H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer• Digestion
– use H2O to breakdown polymers • reverse of dehydration synthesis• cleave off one monomer at a time• H2O is split into H+ and OH–
– H+ & OH– attach to ends
– requires enzymes
HydrolysisDigestion
enzyme
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OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Carbohydratesenergy
molecules
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Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O
carbo - hydr - ateCH2O
• Function:– energy – energy storage – structural materials
• Monomer: simple sugars= glucose, fructose, galactose
sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar
C6H12O6(CH2O)x
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Numbered carbons
C
CC
C
CC
1'
2'3'
4'
5'6'
O
energy stored in C-C bonds
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Simple & complex sugars• Monosaccharides
– simple 1 monomer sugars– These link to form:
• Disaccharides– 2 monomers– sucrose
• Polysaccharides – large chains of monosaccharides– Starch, glycogen
OH
OH
H
H
HO
CH2OH
HH
H
OH
O
Glucose
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Building sugars• Dehydration synthesis
glycosidic linkage
|glucose
|glucose
monosaccharides disaccharide
|maltose
H2O
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Building sugars• Dehydration synthesis
|fructose
|glucose
monosaccharides
|sucrose
(table sugar)
disaccharide
H2O
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Polysaccharides • Polymers of sugars
– costs little energy to build– easily reversible = release energy
• Function:– energy storage
• starch (plants)• glycogen (animals)
– in liver & muscles
– structure• cellulose (plants)• chitin (arthropods & fungi)
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Polysaccharide diversity
• Molecular structure determines function
isomers of glucose structure determines function…
in starch in cellulose
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Digesting starch vs. cellulose
starcheasy todigest enzyme
enzyme
cellulosehard todigest
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Cellulose • Most abundant organic
compound on Earth– herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose– most carnivores have not
• that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients
• cellulose = undigestible roughage• Cell walls of plants!!
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Chitin, a different structural polysaccharide
(a) The structure of the chitin monomer.
OCH2OH
OHH
H OH
H
NH
C
CH3
O
H
H
(b) Chitin forms the exo- skeleton of arthropods. This
cicada is molting, shedding its old exoskeleton and emergingin adult form. It is also found in
Fungal Cell Walls.
(c) Chitin is used to make a strong and flexible surgical
thread that decomposes after the wound or incision heals.
OH
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Cowcan digest cellulose well, with the help of bacteria in gut, no need to eat other sugars
Gorillacan’t digest cellulose well; must add another sugar source, like fruit to diet
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1. Which of the following is a polymer?A. Carbon atomsB. Simple sugar (aka monosaccharide)C. GlucoseD. CelluloseE. Deoxyribose
2. Starch and Glycogen both:I. Serve as energy storage for organismsII.Provide structure and supportIII. Are structural isomers of glucose
I onlyII onlyI and II onlyI and III onlyI, II, and III