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Al Gore, The Digital Earth speech, California Science Center, Los Angeles, January 31,1998
Imagine a young child going to a Digital Earth exhibit at a local museum. After donning a head-mounted
display, she sees Earth as it appears from space. Using a data glove, she zooms in, using higher and higher
levels of resolution, to see continents, then regions, countries, cities, and finally individual houses, trees, andother natural and man-made objects. Having found an area of the planet she is interested in exploring, she
takes the equivalent of a "magic carpet ride" through a 3-D visualization of the terrain. Of course, terrain is
only one of the many kinds of data with which she can interact. Using the systems' voice recognition
capabilities, she is able to request information on land cover, distribution of plant and animal species,
realtime weather, roads, political boundaries, and population. She can also visualize the environmental
information that she and other students all over the world have collected as part of the GLOBE project. This
information can be seamlessly fused with the digital map or terrain data. She can get more information on
many of the objects she sees by using her data glove to click on a hyperlink. To prepare for her family's
vacation to Yellowstone National Park, for example, she plans the perfect hike to the geysers, bison, and
bighorn sheep that she has just read about. In fact, she can follow the trail visually from start to finish before
she ever leaves the museum in her hometown.
She is not limited to moving through space, but can also travel through time. After taking a virtual field-tripto Paris to visit the Louvre, she moves backward in time to learn about French history, perusing digitized
maps overlaid on the surface of the Digital Earth, newsreel footage, oral history, newspapers and other
primary sources. She sends some of this information to her personal e-mail address to study later. The time-
line, which stretches off in the distance, can be set for days, years, centuries, or even geological epochs, for
those occasions when she wants to learn more about dinosaurs, (or forward in time to view scenarios for
those occasions when she wants to see what the future may hold and what she can do about it).
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The Geospatial Revolution http://geospatialrevolution.psu.edu/
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Considerations and Pitfalls in Use of Data
and InformationForm
Scale
Accuracy
Coverage
Completeness
Age
ConfidentialityMaintenance
Paper trail to sources
Appropriateness
Communication
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Form of Data Accuracy of Data
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Age of Data Confidentiality of Data
Tax parcel boundaries change often
Geologic maps rarely change
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Maps
Maps are graphic descriptions of the surface featuresof the land drawn to scale.
Map scale is the relationship of distance
on the map to distance on the land
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Large scale (larger ratio)
maps show
less area and more detail
Small scale (smaller ratio)
maps show
more area and less detail
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Remote Sensing Information:
Aerial Photos and Satellite ImageryRemote sensing is the observation or measurement of datafrom a distance.
Remote sensing technologies detect electromagnetic radiant
energy reflected or emitted from objects and land surfaces,which can be interpreted and analyzed to reveal
characteristics about the objects.
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Aerial Photos: Oblique and Vertical
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Orthophotoquad
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Wavelength of Reflected Solar Radiation
Varies depending on the Type of Surface
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ColorInfrared
DOQQ
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Thematic Map: Land Use-Land Cover
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Revolution in
Satellite Remote Sensing
Enhanced resolutionpixel size to 1 meter
square Larger number of wavelength bands
Increased frequency - return time to 1 day
Data compression capabilities Availability of images and data online
Analytical capabilities: GIS
D t C i
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See www.Vargis.comData Compression
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Sensors in the
satellite measure
radiation data
in different
Spectral Bands
and those data
can be combinedto reveal the
land cover
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ASTER SensorTerra Satellite
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Subsets from the National Land Use Change Retrofit Product:
Mountaintop mining area near Beckley (WV) changed
from forest to barren and grass/shrub.
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Development area in suburban Las Vegas changed
from grass/shrub and barren to urban
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Interactive maps online Web Soil Survey (USDA, NRCS)
http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm
Flood Map Service (FEMA) http://msc.fema.gov/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/FemaWelcomeView?storeId=10001&catalogId=10001&langId=-1
Topo maps/Aerial photos (USGS) http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/aerial.html; http://nationalmap.gov/gio/viewonline.html
Google Earth (http://earth.google.com/)
Wetlands Online Mapper (USFWS) http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Data/Mapper.html
EnviroMapper (EPA) (http://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/em/)
Local government parcel and planning maps
http://arcims2.webgis.net/blacksburg/default.asp
http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htmhttp://msc.fema.gov/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/FemaWelcomeView?storeId=10001&catalogId=10001&langId=-1http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/aerial.htmlhttp://nationalmap.gov/gio/viewonline.htmlhttp://earth.google.com/http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Data/Mapper.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/em/http://arcims2.webgis.net/blacksburg/default.asphttp://arcims2.webgis.net/blacksburg/default.asphttp://www.epa.gov/enviro/html/em/http://www.fws.gov/wetlands/Data/Mapper.htmlhttp://earth.google.com/http://nationalmap.gov/gio/viewonline.htmlhttp://www.usgs.gov/pubprod/aerial.htmlhttp://msc.fema.gov/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/FemaWelcomeView?storeId=10001&catalogId=10001&langId=-1http://msc.fema.gov/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/FemaWelcomeView?storeId=10001&catalogId=10001&langId=-1http://msc.fema.gov/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/FemaWelcomeView?storeId=10001&catalogId=10001&langId=-1http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm -
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How GIS works Links map features to tables ofattributes
Access the attributes for any map feature
Locate any feature from its attributes
Manage sets of features & attributes as themes
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Components Data
Software
Hardware
Methods
People
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The Rise of GIS
Software advances: ESRI, other software
Computer power, speed, affordability
Plotting and printing advances
Data quality, availability, affordability
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The Power of GIS Visualization and Presentation
Data Integration: existing maps, remotesensing, GPS field data
Analysis of data layers: query, proximity,composite
GIS as a participation tool
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Vector Points (manhole, hydrants)
Lines (roads, rivers)
Polygons/areas (watershed, counties)
Advantage
Precise Visual appeal
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Raster Grid cells
Rows + columns (like image)
Topology is inherent
Advantage
Fast overlay and spatial analysis
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Integrate Data Sources
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Spatial Data Analysis Overlay, Proximity, 3-D, Spatial modeling,
Visualization
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Spatial modeling
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Example: Historic and projected Urban Edge in Phoenix
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Portland
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Mash ups:
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Mash-ups:
Integrating data sources
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Integrating Social Networks and
Geospatial Datahttp://www.esri.com/services/disaster-response/gulf-oil-spill-2010/index.html
http://www.esri.com/services/disaster-response/gulf-oil-spill-2010/index.htmlhttp://www.esri.com/services/disaster-response/gulf-oil-spill-2010/index.htmlhttp://www.esri.com/services/disaster-response/gulf-oil-spill-2010/index.htmlhttp://www.esri.com/services/disaster-response/gulf-oil-spill-2010/index.htmlhttp://www.esri.com/services/disaster-response/gulf-oil-spill-2010/index.htmlhttp://www.esri.com/services/disaster-response/gulf-oil-spill-2010/index.htmlhttp://www.esri.com/services/disaster-response/gulf-oil-spill-2010/index.htmlhttp://www.esri.com/services/disaster-response/gulf-oil-spill-2010/index.htmlhttp://www.esri.com/services/disaster-response/gulf-oil-spill-2010/index.htmlhttp://www.esri.com/services/disaster-response/gulf-oil-spill-2010/index.html -
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Geospatial Revolution Episode 2:
http://geospatialrevolution.psu.edu/
http://geospatialrevolution.psu.edu/http://geospatialrevolution.psu.edu/