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ORGANISATIONAL
BEHAVIOUR
Taruna Dureja Banga
ATTITUDES AND
VALUES
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Definition:
Taruna Dureja Banga
An attitude is mental state of
readiness , learned and organized
through experience , exerting aspecific influence on persons
response to people ,object and
situations with which it is related.
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What is attitude?
Taruna Dureja Banga
Ideas we hold about ourselves, others, objects
and experiences
An evaluation a person makes about an
object, person, group, event or issue
An evaluation refers to a judgement being
made either positive or negative about
something
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Tri-component model of
attitudes
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This is the most widely used model to explain
attitude
Proposes that attitude has three related
components the affective, behavioural andcognitive components which are sometimesreferred to as the ABC of attitudes.
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Taruna Dureja Banga
Three Components of Attitudes
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Taruna Dureja Banga
THREE COMPONENTS OF
ATTITUDES
Affective Component The emotional or feelingsegment of an attitude (the feelings,sentiments,moods andemotions)
Behavioral Component An intention to behavein a certain way towards someone or something.(to get a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of everything)
Cognitive Component The opinion or beliefsegment of an attitude.
Beliefs, opinions, knowledge or information held by the
individual
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Affective component
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Refers to emotional reactions or feelings an
individual has towards a object, person, group,
event or issue
Based on a judgment which results in either apositive, negative or neutral response.
Examples:
I enjoy playing tennis
I hate maths
Im not interested in politics
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Behavioural Component
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Refers to the way an attitude is expressedthrough our actions (or intended actions if anopportunity presented itself)
ExamplesRunning to keep fit is the behavioural component
that reflects your attitude towards fitness
Studying for an exam is the behavioural
component that reflects your attitude towardsschool
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Cognitive component
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Refers to the belief we have about an object,
person, group, event or issue
These are linked to what we know about the
world and developed through experience
Some beliefs are true and some are false
Some can be verified and some cannot
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Work Related Components of
Attitudes
Taruna Dureja Banga
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FORMATION OF ATTITUDE:
Taruna Dureja Banga
Direct experience with the object.
Classical conditioning and Attitudes.
Operant conditioning and Attitude acquisition.
Vicarious learning.
Family and Peer Groups.
Neighbourhood.
Economic Status and Occupations.
Mass Communications.
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Formation of Attitudes
Taruna Dureja Banga
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Classical conditioning and Attitude.
Taruna Dureja Banga
Experiment indicate that
affect can influence attitudes
even in the absence ofproduct beliefs and also
suggest that affect plays as
important or more important
a role experiments, using
established conditioning
procedures, assessed the
impact of affect on attitude
formation.
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Operant conditioning and Attitude acquisition.
Taruna Dureja Banga
Attitudes are acquired rather
than inborn , complex
attitudes are probablyformed through operant
conditioning, as an
individual is reinforced for
holding certain attitudes.
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Vicarious learning.
Taruna Dureja Banga
Vicarious learning is alsoknown as observationallearning. It is a process in
which an individualobserves anotherindividual's behaviour andits aftermath. If the outcomeis positive, the individual islikely to imitate thatbehaviour. This form oflearning encouragesawareness of surroundingsand teaches the individualthe basics of social
interaction.
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Family and Peer Group.
Peer pressure refers to the
influence exerted by a peergroup in encouraging a
person to change his or her
attitude or behaviour in
order to conform to group
norms. For E.g.:- A person
may learn attitude while he
is in a group.
Taruna Dureja Banga
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Neighbourhood.
The neighborhood we live in
has a certain structure in
terms of it having cultural
facilities, religiousgroupings, and possibly
ethnic differences. Further,
we accept these moves and
conform, or we deny themand possibly rebel. The
conformity or rebellion in
some respects is the attitudes
we hold.Taruna Dureja Banga
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Economic Status and Occupations.
Our economic and
occupational positions also
contributes to attitudes
formation. They determine,
in part, our attitudestowards unions and
management and our belief
that certain laws are
good or bad . Oursocio-economic
background influences our
present and future attitudes.
Taruna Dureja Banga
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Mass Communication.
All varieties of mass
communications
television , radio ,
newspapers , and
magazines- feed theiraudiences large quantities
of information. The
presentation of news or
information is constructedso as to cater to the attitude
of the audience.
Taruna Dureja Banga
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Benefits of Positive Attitude.
Taruna Dureja Banga
Increase productivity.
Fosters teamwork.
Solves problems.
Improves quality.
Makes for congenial atmosphere.
Breeds loyalty.
Increase profits.
Fosters better relationship with the employers, employees and
customers. Reduces stress.
Makes for a pleasing personality.
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Functions of Attitude.
Taruna Dureja Banga
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Functions of Attitude.
Taruna Dureja Banga
A. The Adjustment Function:
Attitudes often help people to adjust to their workenvironment. Well-treated employees tend to develop apositive attitude towards their job, management and theorganization in general while ill treated organizational
members develop a negative attitude. In other words,attitudes help employees adjust to their environment andform a basis for future behaviour.
B. Value-expressive:
Express basic values, reinforce self-image.Eg: if you view yourself as a Catholic, you can reinforce that
image by adopting Catholic beliefs and values. Eg: We mayhave a self-image of ourselves as an enlightenedconservative or a militant radical, and we therefore cultivateattitudes that we believe indicate such a core value.
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Functions of Attitude.
Taruna Dureja Banga
C.Knowledge:
Attitudes provide meaningful, structured environment. In lifewe seek some degree of order, clarity, and stability in ourpersonal frame of reference. Attitudes help supply us withstandards of evaluation. Via such attitudes as stereotypes,
we can bring order and clarity to the complexities of humanlife.
D. Ego-defensive :
Some attitudes serve to protect us from acknowledging basictruths about ourselves or the harsh realities of life. They serveas defense mechanisms. Eg: Those with feelings of inferioritymay develop attitude of superiority.
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Changing Attitude.
Taruna Dureja Banga
Escalation of commitment.
Cognitive dissonance.
Insufficient information.
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Ways of changing of Attitude.
Taruna Dureja Banga
Changing
attitude of self.
Changingattitude ofemployees.
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Changing attitude of self.
Taruna Dureja Banga
Be aware of ones attitude.
Think for self.
Realize that there are few , if any, benefits from
harboring negative attitude.
Keep an open mind.
Built a positive self esteem.
Stay away from negative influence.
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Changing Attitude of Employees
Taruna Dureja Banga
Give feedback.
Accentuated positive conditions.
Positive role model.
Providing new information.
Use of fear.
Influence of friends or press.
The co-opting approach
Others.
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Response to Job Dissatisfaction.
Taruna Dureja Banga
exit voice
neglect loyalty
Constructive
Active
Destructive
Passive
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Taruna Dureja Banga
Job Satisfaction
Model
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Work Environment and Job Satisfaction
Some Possible Relationship
Taruna Dureja Banga
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Taruna Dureja Banga
Responses to Job Dissatisfaction
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Behavioural Intentions Model
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What is a value?
Qualities, characteristics, or ideas about whichwe feel strongly.
Our values affect our decisions, goals andbehavior.
A belief or feeling that someone or something isworthwhile.
Values define what is of worth, what is
beneficial, and what is harmful Values are standards to guide your action,
judgments, and attitudes.
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Categories of Values
Taruna Dureja Banga
There are a number of different categories into which valuescan be placed.
Personal values
Personal values are those you take for yourself and whichconstitute a critical part of your values and are apparent in
attitudes, beliefs, and actions.Personal values may be prioritized, such as honesty then
responsibility then loyalty and so on.
Social values
Social values are those which put the rights of wider groups of
people first. This may include equality, justice, liberty,freedom, and national pride. These are often instilled into uswhen we were young.
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Categories of Values
Taruna Dureja Banga
Political valuesPolitical values are ideological beliefs about the best way to
govern a country or organization, for example throughwelfare, democracy and civic responsibility.
Economic values
Economic values are those around money, and may includebeliefs around ownership of property, contributing to thecommon good (taxes!), the balance of supply and demandand so on.
Religious values
Religious values are spiritual in nature and include beliefs inhow we should behave, including caring of one another andin worship of our deity or deities