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CH 34 & 35
Ecology
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34.1 The Biosphere is the Global Ecosystem
Ecology = study of organisms and their environmentBiotic Factors = living components of
ecosystemExamples…Abiotic Factors = nonliving components of
ecosystemExamples…
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34.1 5 Levels of Study
Individual OrganismsExamples
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34.1 5 Levels of Study
Populations = group of same species living in the same area
Examples
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34.1 5 Levels of Study
Communities = all of the organisms living in the same area
Examples
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34.1 5 Levels of Study
Ecosystems = abiotic plus biotic factorsExamples
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34.1 5 Levels of Study
Biosphere = sum of all ecosystems
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34.1 Patchiness
Uneven distribution of factors creates habitats
Habitat = specific environment in which organisms live
ExamplesForestsMarshesPonds
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34.1 Key Abiotic Factors
SunlightWaterTemperatureSoilWindSevere Disturbances
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34.1 Concept Check Questions
1. Draw a diagram showing the relationship among the five levels of ecological study.
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Biosphere
1.
Ecosystem CommunityPopulation
Organism
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34.1 Concept Check Questions
2. Describe what is meant by the "patchiness" of the environment.
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34.1 Concept Check Questions
3. Explain the importance of sunlight as an abiotic factor in terrestrial ecosystems.
Controls:TemperatureHumidityPhotosynthesis ratesEtc.
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34.1 Concept Check Questions
4. Define biotic and abiotic factors and give an example of each for a particular ecosystem.
Biotic- living factorGrass, bacteria, squirrel, tree
Abiotic – nonliving factorRock, water, air
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34.1 Concept Check Questions
5. Explain why it is more accurate to define the biosphere as the global ecosystem than as the global community.
The biosphere includes abiotic as well as biotic features… therefore the term ecosystem is more appropriate.
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34.2 Climate determines patterns in the biosphere
Sun’s rays produce 3 zones:ArcticTemperateTropic
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34.2
Difference in temperatures produces winds… adding to effect
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34.2
Local Climate = daily weather for a small area (Sycamore vs. Chicago)Can be different due to…Lake MichiganMississipi RiverValley
Microclimate = differences within areaDue to shade, buildings, above/below
ground
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Concept Check 34.2
1. Explain how the uneven heating of Earth's surface creates different temperature zones.2. How do surface currents affect climate patterns?3. Why might a town located on a large lake be cooler in the summer than a town 100 kilometers away from the lake?4. Give an example of a microclimate
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34.3
Biome = major type of terrestrial ecosystem that covers a large area of land
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Major Biomes
tropical rain forest savanna desert chaparral temperate grassland temperate deciduous forest coniferous forest tundra
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Tropical Rainforest
•Warm temps
•Up to 350 cm of precipitation/yr
•Diverse life forms
•Tall trees
•Poor soil quality
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Savanna
Grassland with scattered shrubs and trees
Wet and dry seasonsMainly warm
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Desert
Less than 30cm of precip/yrHot days/cold nightsCan be all cold
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Chaparral
Along coastsEvergreen shrubsWet winters hot dry summers
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Temperate Grassland
Warm summersCold wintersOccasional fires
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Deciduous Forest
•Significant precipitation
•Trees drop leaves each year
•Warm summers, cold winters
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Coniferous Forest
Dry and coldEvergreensTrees do NOT drop leavesAKA tiaga
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Tundra
PermafrostPlants are low and shrubbyAlpine or arcticLow light
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Concept Check 34.3
1. What factors determine the type of biome in an area?2. Compare and contrast tropical rain forests, temperate deciduous forests, and coniferous forests.3. Give an example of how a desert organism has adapted to the abiotic conditions there.
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1. Climate (temperature & precipitation) and Latitude
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34.4
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Concept Check 34.4
1. Describe the abiotic factors that affect organisms in ponds, streams, and estuaries.2. Compare and contrast the intertidal zone, neritic zone, and oceanic zone.3. Discuss sunlight as an abiotic factor in coral reefs and vent communities.