-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
1/39
1
The evolution of management
thought
Evolution:
The gradual development over many years
Theory:
A set of statements or principles devised to explaina group of facts or phenomena, especially one that
has been repeatedly tested or is widely acceptedand can be used to make predictions about naturalphenomena.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
2/39
2
The evolution of management
thought
Why do we study ManagementTheory?
Why do we study Management
History?
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
3/39
3
Forces that shaped
Management thoughts
Social forces
Economic forces
Political forces
Technological forces
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
4/39
4
The Practice of Management Can Be
Traced Back Thousands of Years
The Egyptians used management
functions of planning, organizing, andcontrolling when they constructed thepyramids.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
5/39
5
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
6/39
6
100,000 workers for 20 years for a
single pyramid who told eachworkers what to do and make
sure they do it right?
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
7/39
7
Great Wall of China:
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
8/39
8
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
9/39
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
10/39
10
Early Management Pioneers
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Charles Babbage (1792-1871)
Andrew Ure
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
11/39
11
Major Approaches to
Management
Classical Management Perspective
Behavioral Perspective
The Quantitative Perspective
Systems Perspective The Contingency Perspective
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
12/39
12
Major Approaches toManagement
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
13/39
13
Classical Management
PerspectiveEmerged during the early years of
the twentieth century
Include two different approaches
1. Scientific Management2. Administrative Management
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
14/39
14
Scientific Management Concerned with improving the
performance of individual workers.
Fredrick W. TaylorThe father of scientific managementPrinciples of Scientific Management
(1911) Frederick Taylor developed the system,
which he believed would lead to a more
efficient and productive work force.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
15/39
15
Figure 2.2: Steps in Scientific
Management
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
16/39
16
Administrative
Management Whereas scientific management deals
with the jobs of individual employees,administrative management focuses onmanaging the total organization.
Administrative management laid thefoundation for later development in
management theory. It is more appropriate for stable and
simple organizations than for todaysdynamic and complex organizations.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
17/39
17
Contributors to
Administrative Management
Henri Fayol
Max Weber Lyndall Uriwch
Chester Barnard
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
18/39
18
Exhibit 2.3Exhibit 2.3
Fayols 14 Principles of
Management1. Division of work.
2. Authority.
3. Discipline.
4. Unity of command.
5. Unity of direction.
6. Subordination of
individual interest to
the interests of the
organization.
7. Remuneration.
8. Centralization.
9. Scalar chain.
10. Order.
11. Equity.
12. Stability of tenureof personnel.
13. Initiative.
14. Esprit de corps.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
19/39
19
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
20/39
20
The Behavioral Management
Perspective Unlike the classical management
perspective, the behavioral
management perspective placedmore emphasis on individualattitudes and behaviors and ongroup processes and recognized theimportance of behavioral processesin the work place.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
21/39
21
The Human Relations
Movement Proposed that workers respond
primarily to the social context of theworkplace, including socialconditioning, group norms, andinterpersonal dynamics.
Managers Concern for workers wouldlead to increased satisfaction, which
would in turn result in improvedperformance Maslows hierarchy theory Gregors theory X and theory Y
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
22/39
22
Theory X Assumptions:
Employees dislikework.
Employees areirresponsible.
Employees lackambition.
Employees resistchange.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
23/39
23
Theory Y Assumptions:
Employees are willing to
work. Employees are self
directed.
They acceptresponsibility.
Employees are creative.
They are self-controlled.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
24/39
24
Organizational Behavior
The study of the actions of people atwork; people are the most important
asset of an organization Human behavior in organizations is
complex.
The field of organizational behaviordraws from a broad, interdisciplinarybase of psychology, sociology,anthropology, economics, and medicine.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
25/39
25
Organizational Behavior
Job satisfaction, stress,
motivation, leadership, groupdynamics, organization politics,interpersonal conflicts, structureand design of organization,
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
26/39
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
27/39
27
Two Branches of Quantitative
Management PerspectiveManagement Science
Operations Management
Management Science focusesspecifically on the development ofmathematical models.
Operations Management concernedwith helping the organization moreeffectively produce its products and
services.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
28/39
28
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
29/39
29
Exhibit 2.6Exhibit 2.6
The Organization as an Open
System
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
30/39
30
Understanding a System
System: an interrelated set of elementsfunctioning as a whole.
Types of Systems: Open System: an organizational system that
interacts with its environment.
Closed System: an organizational systemthat does not interact with its environment.
Subsystem: a system within a broadersystem.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
31/39
31
Implications of the
Systems Approach Coordination of the organizations parts
is essential for proper functioning of
the entire organization.
Decisions and actions taken in one areaof the organization will have an effect
in other areas of the organization.
Organizations are not self-containedand, therefore, must adapt to changes
in their external environment.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
32/39
32
The Contingency Approach
Also sometimes called the situational
approach. There is no one universally applicable
set of management principles (rules)by which to manage organizations.
Organizations are individuallydifferent, face different situations(contingency variables), and requiredifferent ways of managing.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
33/39
33
Integrating Perspectives for
Managers
A complete understanding ofmanagement requires anappreciation of, classical, behavioral,and quantitative approaches.
The systems and contingencyperspectives can help managersintegrate the three approaches andenlarge understanding of all three.
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
34/39
34
Current Trends and Issues Globalization
Ethics
Workforce Diversity
E-business
Knowledge Management Learning Organizations
Quality Management
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
35/39
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
36/39
36
Current Trends and Issues
(contd)
Workforce Diversity
Increasing heterogeneity in the workforce More gender, minority, ethnic, and other
forms of diversity in employees
Aging workforce
Older employees who work longer and do notretire
The increased costs of public and private
benefits for older workers
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
37/39
37
Current Trends and Issues
(contd)
E-Business (Electronic Business)
The work preformed by anorganization using electroniclinkages to its key constituencies
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
38/39
-
8/9/2019 Ch 2 Triditional and Contemprary Issues and Challenges
39/39
39
Current Trends and Issues
(contd)
Quality Management
A philosophy of managementdriven by continual improvementin the quality of work processesand responding to customer
needs and expectations
Quality is not directly related tocost