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Ch. 10 Rocks & The Rock Cycle
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The Parent Material for all rock is…..
Magma!!!
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3 Major Types of Rock
• Igneous Rock: forms when magma cools and hardens.
• Sedimentary Rock: forms from sediment that is compacted and cemented together.
• Metamorphic Rock: forms from rock that is changed by intense heat and pressure.
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The Rock Cycle• All of the changes that can occur to rock.
• Does Igneous Rock always have to become sedimentary rock?
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• Before becoming sedimentary rock, what must metamorphic rock become???
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• What processes result in rock turning into sediment?
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Igneous Rock
Classified into two general categories based on where the magma cooled and solidified:
1. Intrusive Igneous Rock: Magma cooled below the crust
2. Extrusive Igneous Rock: Magma cooled rapidly on the surface of Earth
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Texture of Igneous Rock• What influences texture? The size of crystals found in the rock.
• What influences crystal size? Cooling rate (how fast the magma cooled)
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• Cooling slowly allows large crystals to form. • Cooling rapidly allows small crystals to form.
• Intrusive Igneous rock cools slowly. • Extrusive Igneous rock cools very rapidly.
Which type of Igneous rock would have small crystals?
Which type of Igneous rock would have large crystals?
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• Crystals formed in sample A might be found in what type of rock?
• Crystals formed in sample B might be found in what type of rock?
Sample A Sample B
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What about igneous rock that doesn’t seem to have crystals???
• Silica-rich, viscous, felsic lava that cools rapidly forms Obsidian (Volcanic Glass)
• Magma that has a high amount of dissolved gasses and cools rapidly forms “pockets” or holes around the trapped gas. This creates a rock full of small holes such as pumice.
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Composition of Igneous Rock
• Determined by the chemicals found in the magma that forms the rock.
Three types of igneous rock families:1. Felsic: High in silica, these contain silicate minerals
2. Intermediate: intermediates between mafic and felsic chemical composition
3. Mafic: Low in silica, but rich in iron and magnesium.
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Types of Igneous Rock Structures
1. Intrusions: igneous rock masses that form underground.
2. Extrusions: igneous rock masses that form on the surface.
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Igneous Rock StructuresFill In the names of the structures on your diagram.
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Sedimentary Rock
• Review Question: How was sedimentary rock formed???
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3 Types of Sedimentary Rock
1. Clastic Sedimentary Rock2. Chemical Sedimentary Rock3. Organic Sedimentary Rock
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Clastic Sedimentary Rock• Deposits of rock fragments are compacted and
cemented together.
• Classified by size of sediment that forms the rock. – Conglomerate: rounded gravel sized fragments– Sandstones: made of sand size grains– Shale: clay sized particles
Sandstone
Shale
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Chemical Sedimentary Rock
• Rocks that form from minerals once dissolved in water.– Precipitates: Rocks formed from minerals that
solidify in water– Evaporites: Rocks formed from minerals left
behind when water evaporates.
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Organic Sedimentary Rock
• Formed from the remains of once living organisms. – Examples:• Coal- forms from decayed plants and animals• Limestone- forms from the shells of once living
organisms
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Sedimentary Rock Features
• Stratification: Layering of rock• Ripple Marks: formed by wind or water• Mud Cracks: formed when muddy deposits
dry and shrink• Fossils: remains or traces of once living
organisms • Concretions: nodules with in the rock that are
composed of different chemicals.
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Metamorphic Rock• Existing rock that is changed into another
form by intense heat and pressure• Forms deep beneath the surface of earth.
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Two Types of metamorphism
1. Contact metamorphism2. Regional metamorphism
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Contact Metamorphism
• When hot magma pushes through rock, the heat from the magma can change the surrounding rock.
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Regional Metamorphism
• Occurs during tectonic activity
• This plate movement creates heat and pressure at plate edges.
• This heat and pressure transforms the surrounding rock
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Classification of Metamorphic Rock
• Metamorphic Rocks are classified according to texture.
Metamorphic Rock Classifications1.Foliated: have parrallel bands
of minerals2.Nonfoliated: metamorphic rock
without mineral bands
Foliated
Nonfoliated
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THE END!!!