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CH. 10
CHAPTER 10
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political and environmental issue OPEC – largely Arab countries –
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries1973 restricted import into US. – ahhhhh!!!!Strategic Petroleum Reserve – prevent crisis
during f.f. interruption – 1 billion barrels
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• 1970s – US conserved – drove less, bought fewer cars, used less heat/air
• 1980s – oil prices low and consumption is high
• 1990s – continued foreign dependence• Current – more non OPEC suppliers, cheap
energy, HIGH US consumption – large vehicles, larger energy-sucking homes (high ceilings, central air, hot tubs, etc.), increased speed limits from 55 mph– 55% US oil imported– Supplies won’t last forever
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HDC v. LDC 20% of population using 60% of energy 1 person in HDC = 8 in LDC
Ex: agriculture – tractors v. animals in field, energy to make fertilizers and pesticides
To raise LDC standard of living usually includes a rise in per capita energy consumption
Energy in US: 42% industries (making chemicals, minerals, food); 33% make buildings comfortable (heat/air, lights, hot water); 25% transportation
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Fossil fuels Coal, oil, natural gas Partially decayed
remnants of organism Supplies most of
energy in N. AmericaOther sources: nuclear,
solar, wind, etc.
Nonrenewable resource – forming, but too slowly
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Fossil fuel formation• Ancient climate: warm with many swamps with big trees• Plant die, don’t decompose well in watery grave – no fungi
in oxygen deprived env., anaerobic bacteria don’t decay wood quickly
• Sea level changes, sediment traps plants– TIME, heat, pressure convert nondecomposed
plant material into carbon rich coal. – Oil: microscopic aquatic organism died and
decompose in sediment and create oxygen deprived env. no more decomposition. Sediment covered.
– Natural gas (mainly methane): similar formation as oil, but hotter
– Oil/natural gas are less dense than rock – tend to move up through porous rock and accumulate beneath nonporous rock
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COALCOAL Industrial Revolution of mid 18th century Mainly for electricity; other: energy to
melt iron during conversion to steel Different grades – higher heat during
formation = drier, harder, higher energy content
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Grades of Coal
1. Lignite – soft, little heat, little sulfur; lots in W. US
2. Subbituminous – little heat and little sulfur, lots in Alaska
3. Bituminous (“soft coal”) – most common, sulfur!, lots of heat, lots in Appalachian region
4. Anthracite (“hard coal”) least sulfur, highest heat, mostly depleted in US
Little heat/soft
Lots of heat/hard
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COAL RESERVES Most abundant ff China, US (25%),
Russia, etc. Last 200 years at
present rate, more if deeper deposits become available
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SAFETY PROBLEMS WITH COAL Subsurface mining dangerous for miners
(cave-ins) Increased risk of cancer and black lung
disease
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MINING
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) – 1977: requires reclamation of surface coal minesReshape land, spread topsoil, plant
seeds/plants, sedimentation ponds confine sediment filled water, prevent acid mine drainage (rains through iron sulfide minerals and carries sulfuric acid to lakes/streams)
QUICK SUMMARY:Water pollution: sediment and acid
Land destruction: removes topsoil/can’t grow plants/erosion/habitat loss
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ENVIRONMENAL IMPACTS WITH BURNING COAL
Releases CO2 – prevents heat from leaving planetPossible effects: melt polar ice raise sea
levels and flood coastal areas, increases coastal erosion and increase risk of violent storms
Most CO2 per unit heat Most air pollution
Mercury – 1/3 of all airborne emissions (biomagnification!!! Consuming large fish…ick)
NOx and SOx from bituminous coal + H2O acid deposition○ Normal rain = ph 5.6○ Effects: decrease aquatic animal populations,
damage forests
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MAKING COAL CLEANER1. Scrubbers – remove sulfur. Chemical react with sulfur to create
precipitate to settle out; expensive – 10%-15% of construction costs
2. Lime scrubbers – H2O + lime sprayed to neutralize sulfur dioxide – creates calcium sulfate sludge. Landfills
Resource recovery: ○ sell calcium sulfate (synthetic gypsum) to make drywall, to farmers for soil (hold
water)○ Fly ash is used to make lightweight concrete
3. Electrostatic precipitator – removes particulate matter (like fly ash)4. fluidized-bed combustion – mixes crushed coal with limestone
during combustion. Limestone neutralizes sulfur-dioxide calcium sulfate. Lower temperature produces less Nox
Produces more heat from a given amount of coal, less CO2 emitted per unit electricity
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Can coalcoal ever be truly clean? What does that mean anyway?
“Clean coal”
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Clean Air Actprotects the public from air pollutants hazardous to our health
Amendments of 1990:
Reduce emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to reduce acid rain
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OIL AND NATURAL GASOIL AND NATURAL GAS Most of energy used in world (including US) Petroleum = crude oil Petrochemical: plastics, fertilizers, pesticides Natural gas: mainly methane, some butane,
propane.+: very little air pollutants-: difficult to transport b/c a gasMethane – generate electricity, transportationStore butane, propane as liquid (liquified petroleum gas)
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EXTRACTION Oil pumps
Find traps by:Drill test holes to obtain rock samplesProduce explosion and analyze sound waves$$
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“Fracking” – hydraulic fracturing Water, sand, and chemicals injecting
underground to release natural gasConcerns: contaminating groundwater with
unknown chemicals and methane
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RESERVES Oil: middle east – over 50%/ ~ 50 years
left (not considering industrialization of China)
Natural gas – Russia (40%) and Iran/ ~ 150 years
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Environmental problems with natural gas and oil 1. burning the fuel – CO2 (less with natural gas),
acid deposition (not natural gas)
2. production and transport – Exxon Valdez Alaskan Oil Spill 1989: lack of
double hull; hit reef; killed birds, sea otters, etc.Persian Gulf Oil Spill – biggest in world, on purpose,
6 million barrelsDeepwater Horizon (BP) oil spill - during deep water
drilling – 5 million barrels
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Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) Debate to open to oil exploration + create jobs, area close by production declining,
decrease dependence of foreign oil
- hurt national wildlife refuge (platforms, pipelines, roads, potential spills), temporary amount will increase future dependence
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SYNFUELS – another option for the future Liquid/gas from coal or other natural sources Drawbacks – energy intensive to produce = low net energy yield Types:
Methane Hydrates – methane in ice (permafrost areas, beneath deep ocean floor); positive feedback (global warming)
Tar sands – have bitumen (semi-solid oil), can convert bitumen to oil, mined using strip-mining
Oil Shale – “oily rock” Coal-to-liquid
○ Easy to transport through pipes, produce gasoline, can use lower grade coal, $$, requires energy
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Keystone XL pipeline
Oil sands (tar sands) in Canada Concerns :
Oil spills/crossing Ogallala AquiferExtracting: surface mining or injecting lots of
steam to make less thick = lots of energy (=lots of CO2)/ Boreal forest
Expensive to turn into gasoline
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Pros/cons summary Coal
+: plentiful, not harmful if spilled, relative high energy yield
-: erosion, acid mine drainage, hurts miners, NOx/SOx/CO2/mercury
Oil
+: cheap, versatile, high energy yield
- : NOx/SOx, CO2, , oil spills, wildlife habitats
Natural gas+: no pollution from NOx and SOx, high energy yield
-: highly explosive, hard to transport (pipes carry risk of leaks/explosions), methane (CH4 is a greenhouse gas and ozone destroyer), least amount CO2
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