Download - Central Nervous System
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Central Nervous System
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• Divided into 4 major sections–Brain stem–Cerebellum–Diencephalon–Cerebrum
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• Cerebrospinal fluid provides protection, maintains proper ion concentration for the CNS, and provides a pathway to the blood for waste
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Brain Stem
• Connects cerebrum and diencephalon to the spinal cord
• Midbrain- reflexes• Pons- breathing• Medulla oblongata- heart rate, breathing,
blood pressure• Reticular formation- arousal (comatose state)
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Cerebellum• Anterior and posterior lobes• Coordination of desired movements• Regulates posture and balance• Cognitive and language processing
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Diencephalon• Located between cerebral hemispheres and
above the midbrain• Contains:
– Thalamus- relay station for sensory impulses– Hypothalamus- maintains homeostasis by
regulating:• Heart rate• Temperature• Water/ electrolyte balance• Hunger• Glandular secretions• Sleep
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- Epithalamus- superior and posterior tothalamus• Contains pineal gland- secretes hormone melatonin (endocrine)
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Cerebrum• Divided into 2
cerebral hemispheres by longitudinal fissure
• Connected by the corpus callosum
• Convolutions- ridges of the brain (gyri)
• Sulcus- shallow groove
• Fissure- deep groove
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• The Basal Ganglia (Nuclei): caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
• act as a relay station for motor impulses travelling from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
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• The cerebral cortex interconnects with the basal ganglia, the thalamus and the hypothalamus to form the Limbic System– Controls
emotional experience and expression
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Lobes of the cerebrum(higher brain function)
• Frontal• Parietal• Temporal• Occipital• Insula
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• Covered in a thin layer of gray matter called the Cerebral Cortex– Motor area (mostly frontal)– Sensory area (mostly parietal)– Association areas (throughout cerebrum)
• Frontal- concentration, problem solving, planning
• Parietal- compose speech, touch sensation• Temporal understand speech, reading, music• Occipital- analyzing visual patterns
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patb
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can map somatosensory areas (lips and hands large area, trunk and limbs small area)
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Sensory and Motor areas of the cerebral cortex (Brain Map)
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Peripheral nervous system
Nerve structure-very similar tostructure of muscle!!
Link
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I - Olfactory II - Optic III - Oculomotor IV - Trochlear V - Trigeminal VI - Abducens VII - Facial VIII - Auditory IX - Glossopharyngeal X - Vagus XI - Accessory XII - Hypoglassal
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Spinal nerves andplexuses (tangled networks of axons)