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Cells
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Early Microscopes-Lenses and microscopes:
- 1600s – Holland: lenses combined to form
microscopes and telescopes
- Late 1500s – Italy: merchants develop magnifying
lenses to examine the quality of cloth
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Early Microscopes-It was not until the mid-1600s that scientists began to
use microscopes to observe living things
- Under the microscope, cork seemed to be made of
thousands of tiny, empty chambers
-1665 – Robert Hooke (England) built compound
microscope
- looked at thin sections of cork
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Early Microscopes- Hooke called
these chambers
“cells” because
they reminded
him of a
monastery's tiny
rooms, which
were called cells
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Early Microscopes- 1674 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek used a single-lens
microscope to observe pond water
- The microscope revealed a
fantastic world of tiny living
organisms that seemed to be
everywhere
- He used a single-lens microscope
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Early Microscopes- 1838 – Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are
made of cells
- 1855 – Rudolf Virchow observed onion root tip cells
and concluded that new cells could only be produced by
division of existing cells
- 1839 – Theodor Schwann stated that all animals made
of cells
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The Cell Theory- It became clear that cells
are the basic unit of life
- The cell theory grew out of
the work of many scientists
and improvements in the
microscope.
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The Cell Theory- The Cell Theory has
three principles:
- All living things
are made of cells
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The Cell Theory- The Cell Theory has three principles:
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
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The Cell Theory- The Cell Theory has three principles:
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
- New cells are produced from pre-existing cells
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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes - Cells come in a great variety of shapes and an amazing
range of sizes
- They are surrounded by a barrier called a cell
membrane
- All cells have two characteristics in common
- They contain the molecule that carries biological
information—DNA
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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes - Cells fall into two broad categories, depending on
whether they contain a nucleus
- Nucleus:
- A large structure with its own membrane that holds
the cell’s genetic material (DNA)
- The nucleus controls many of the cell's activities
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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes - Prokaryotes:
- Cells that do NOT contain nuclei
- The organisms we call bacteria are prokaryotes
- Generally smaller and simpler - Do not have membrane-bound organelles
- Have genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus
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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes - Eukaryotes:
- Cells that do contain nuclei
- Display great variety
- Lives as single-celled organisms
- Large, multicellular organisms
- Generally larger and more complex
- Dozens of structures and internal membranes, and many are highly specialized
- Contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell
- Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
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Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes - Similarities between Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes:
- Come in a variety of shapes and sizes
- Both have DNA
- All cells are enclosed by a membrane
- All cells are filled with cytoplasm
- Cells tend to be microscopic
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Exploring the Cell- Researchers use microscopes and techniques more
powerful than the pioneers of biology could have
imagined
- Researchers can use fluorescent labels and light
microscopy to follow molecules moving through the cell
- Confocal light microscopy, which scans cells with a
laser beam, makes it possible to build three-dimensional
images of cells and their parts
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Images produced by light microscope
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Exploring the Cell- Electron microscopes are capable
of revealing details as much as
1000 times smaller than those
visible in light microscopes
- Transmission electron microscopes
(TEMs) make it possible to explore
cell structures and large protein
molecules
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Exploring the Cell- With scanning electron
microscopes (SEMs), a pencillike
beam of electrons is scanned over
the surface of a specimen
- The scanning electron microscope
produces stunning
three-dimensional images of cells
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Nerve broken open, revealing vesicles containing neurotransmitters
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Used toothbrush covered in plague
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Typical virus
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Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Reading, Video, & Double Bubble Thinking Map
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Prokaryotic Reading & Coloring Activity
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Parts of a Microscope & Microscope Lab
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Animal Cell & Plant Cell Doodle Notes
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Animal & Plant Cell Organelle Notes along with Flip Picture Book
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Cell Boundaries - All cells are surrounded by a thin, flexible barrier
known as the cell membrane
- Cell Membrane:
thin, flexible
barrier around a cell;
regulates what enters
and leaves the cell
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Cell Boundaries
- Let’s Review!
- Cell Membranes are made up of LIPIDS
- The cell membrane
regulates what
enters and leaves the
cell and also provides
protection and
support
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Cell Boundaries - What two
monomers make up a
LIPID?
- Glycerol- Fatty Acid
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Cell Boundaries - Draw individual Lipids & Label
their structures
- Glycerol (Head)
Hydrophilic : Likes Water
- Fatty Acid (Tails)
Hydrophobic: Hates Water
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Cell Membrane - The composition of nearly all cell membranes is a
double-layered sheet called a lipid bilayer
- Lipid Bilayer:
- double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly
all cell membranes
- hydrophilic heads point out, hydrophobic tails point
inside
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Draw & Label the Lipid BilayerExtracellular (Outside the cell)
Intracellular (Inside the cell)
Hydrophilic “Heads”→
Hydrophobic “Tails”→
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Cell Membrane
- Carbohydrate molecules are attached to many of these
proteins
- Some of the proteins form channels and pumps that
help to move material across the cell membrane
- In addition to lipids, most cell membranes contain
protein molecules that are embedded in the lipid bilayer
- Many of the carbohydrates act like chemical
identification cards, allowing individual cells to identify
one another
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Color & Label Cell Membrane
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Cell Walls
- Cell walls are present in many organisms, including
plants, algae, fungi, and many prokaryotes
- The main function of the cell wall is to provide support
and protection for the cell
- Many cells also produce a strong supporting layer
around the membrane known as a cell wall
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Cell Walls
- Most cell walls
are made from
fibers of
carbohydrate and
protein
- Cell walls lie outside the cell membrane
- Most cell walls are porous enough to allow water,
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and certain other substances to
pass through easily
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Cell Walls
- Cellulose is the
principal component
of both wood and
paper
- Plant cell walls are
composed mostly of
cellulose, a tough
carbohydrate fiber
Cell Wall
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Cell Membrane Doodle Notes
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Cell Transportation
- One of the most important functions of the cell
membrane is to regulate the movement of dissolved
molecules from the liquid on one side of the membrane
to the liquid on the other side
- Every living cell exists in a liquid environment that it
needs to survive
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Cell Transportation
- Concentration:
The mass of solute in a given volume of solution, or
mass/volume
- The cytoplasm of a cell contains a solution of many
different substances in water
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Cell Transportation
Concentration is 12 grams /3 Liters (g/L)
THINK MATH: 12 / 3 is ?
- Example:
12 grams of salt in 3 liters of water
THEREFORE IT IS: 4 g/L
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Cell Transportation
Concentration is 12 grams /6 Liters (g/L)
- Practice:
12 grams of salt in 6 liters of water
Final Concentration is : 2 g/L
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Cell Transportation- Which solution is more concentrated?
4 g/L 2 g/L
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Cell Transportation
- Diffusion:
process by which molecules tend to move from an
area where they are more concentrated to an area
where they are less concentrated
- In a solution, particles move constantly
- Molecules naturally move from HIGH concentration to
LOW concentration
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Cell Transportation
- Equilibrium:
when the concentration of a solute is the same
throughout a solution
- The substances will be evenly spaced out
- Because diffusion depends upon random particle
movements, substances diffuse across membranes
without requiring the cell to use energy
- The solution will eventually reach equilibrium
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Cell Transportation - Even when equilibrium is reached, particles of a
solution will continue to move across the membrane in
both directions
- Selectively Permeable:
Some substances can pass through the cell membrane
while other substances cannot
Also referred to as semipermeable membranes
- Most biological membranes are selectively permeable
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Diffusion Station for Notes
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Cell Transportation - Endocytosis:
- process of taking material into the cell by means of
infoldings, or pockets, of the cell membrane
- Two types:
Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis
- Larger molecules and even solid clumps of material
may be transported in through this process
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Cell Transportation - Phagocytosis:
- process in which
extensions of cytoplasm
surround and engulf large
particles and take them into
the cell
- It means “cell eating”
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Cell Transportation
- Engulfing material in this
way requires a considerable
amount of energy
- Due to this, it is correctly
considered a form of active
transport
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Cell Transportation - Pinocytosis:
- process by which a cell
takes in liquid from the
surrounding environment
- Tiny pockets form along the
cell membrane, fill with liquid,
and pinch off to form vacuoles
within the cell
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Cell Transportation - Exocytosis:
- process by which a cell
releases large amounts of
material outside the cell
- The membrane of the vacuole
surrounding the material fuses
with the cell membrane, forcing
the contents out of the cell
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Diffusion Lab