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CELLS AND CELL
THEORY
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CELL SCIENTISTS
Robert Hooke-1665, observedsmall cavities in cork which he called cells.
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek-late 1600’s, refined the microscope; saw single-celledorganisms which he called“animalcules”
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Rene Dutrochet-1824, discovered osmosis; concludedthat plants and animals areboth made of cells.
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Robert Brown-1831, Firstto see and name the nucleus
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Felix Dujardin-1835, first tonotice cytoplasm
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Matthias Schleiden-1839, wrote a paper stating all plants are made of cells
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Theodor Schwann-1839,wrote a paper stating all animals are made of cells.
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Rudolf Virchow-1855, firstto see cell division
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CELL THEORY:•All living things are madeof cells•Cells are structurally andfunctionally similar•Cells come from other cells
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WHAT IS A CELL?
The smallest unit thatcan perform all life
processes.
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What is an Organelle?
•one of several specialized structures, suspended in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell.
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Prokaryotic Cells:1. No nucleus2. No membrane-bound organelles3. Very small4. DNA in one loop5. Only bacteria
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Eukaryotic Cells:1. DNA in long strands(chromatin) in nucleus2. Large in comparison to bacteria (prokaryotes)3. Many membrane-boundorganelles4. All other organisms, exceptbacteria
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EUKARYOTICCELL STRUCTURE:
CELL MEMBRANE-Encloses all parts of the cell;Controls what goes in and out
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Cell Membrane Structure:
•Phospholipid bilayer•Embedded with proteins:(Marker, Channel, Receptor)•Glycolipids•Glycoproteins•Fluid Mosaic Model
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Cell Wall:
•Found in plants•Made of cellulose•Surrounds cell membrane•Provides rigidity for plant
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CELLWALL
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Cytoplasm:
•Jelly-like substance in a cell•Surrounds other cell parts•Composed of water, salt, & other organic molecules
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cytoplasm
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Nucleus:•Directs & stores instructions for cell functions•Encloses DNA (chromatin)
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Nuclear Membrane• Double membrane that isolates the
interior of the nucleus from the cytoplasm
• Has pores to allow things to be transported into and out of the nucleus.
• 4 phospholipid layers
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Nucleolus:•Inside of nucleus•Assembles ribosomes•May be 1 or more than 1
nucleolus
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Chromatin:•Long strands of a DNA-protein complex found innucleus
chromatin
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Nucleoplasm:•A viscous fluid in the
nucleus in which the chromatin & nucleolus are suspended.
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Ribosomes:•Protein factories of cell•Line up amino acids in correct order ribosomes
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Mitochondria:•“Powerhouses” of cell•Make ATP•Complete breaking down of glucose molecules
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Golgi Apparatus:•Packages & distributes organic molecules that leave the cell•Surround molecules withmembrane
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Lysosomes:
Bags of enzymes that:•Digest macromolecules•Digest worn out cell parts•Destroy invading bacteria
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
•Membrane system of folded sacs & tunnels•Helps maintain homeostasis
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•Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):•Rough ER has ribosomes & transports proteins•Smooth ER has no ribosomes & transports lipid & carbs.•Attached to nucleus
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Centrioles & Centrosomes:•Organizing centers for celldivision•Found only in animal cells
centrosomecentrioles
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PLASTIDS:
A class of organelles foundonly in plants and in someprotists.
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Chloroplasts:•Site where glucose is made•Contain chlorophyll
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Leucoplasts:•Change glucose to starch•Look like grains of rice•Starch is stored here
leucoplast
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•Manufacture & store plantpigments•Red, orange, purple, yellow•Found in fruit, flowers &colorful leaves
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Vacuoles:•Fluid filled sacs•Store enzymes, water, andwaste products•Large, central vacuole in plants•Many small vacuoles inother cells (or none at all)
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CYTOSKELETON:
•Helps cell hold its shape•Made of microtubules and microfilaments•Animal cell rely on this for maintaining cell structure
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Microtubules:
•Hollow rods of protein•Some extend from the cytoplasm to make up ciliaand flagella
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Microfilaments:•Threadlike fibers found below the cell membrane•Produce flowing motion in cytoplasm•Help circulate organelles; improve cell efficiency
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Comparison of Plant Cells toAnimal Cells:
PLANT ANIMALCell Wall No Cell WallPlastids No PlastidsLarge Vacuole Small vacuoles
or noneRely on cell wall Rely on
for structure cytoskeletonNo centrioles Centrioles
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