![Page 1: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Causes of TerrorismClass Three - POLI 142L
![Page 2: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Review
● Definition of Terrorism
● Goals of Terrorist Movements
● Characteristics of Terrorist Movements
![Page 3: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Terrorism in History: Anarchist
![Page 4: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Second Wave: Ethno-nationalist
![Page 5: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Third Wave: Left-Wing
![Page 6: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fourth Wave: Religious/Islamist
![Page 7: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Two ways of approaching causality
● Preconditions:○ Set stage in long run, but don’t necessarily cause
anything.
● Precipitants:○ Direct causes of the activation of movements.
![Page 8: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Crenshaw’s three causes...
![Page 9: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Crenshaw’s three causes...
● Grievances.○ i.e. discrimination○ Not a necessary condition
● Lack of political opportunity○ Paired with ineffective repression.
● Elite dissatisfaction○ “Passive masses”○ Terrorism to mobilize support.
![Page 10: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Oppression is not needed for terrorism● Groups mobilize
support through attacks.
● Attacks can lead government to use repressive tactics.○ This mobilizes more
supporters.
![Page 11: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Nationalism and Colonialism - Hoffman● End of WWII generates
independence demands from British and French colonies.
● With no independence, former fighters carry out attacks against colonizers
![Page 12: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Three Examples
● Irgun in British Palestine
● FLN in French Algeria
● EOKA in British Cyprus
![Page 13: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Tactics of Nationalist Terrorists● Attack targets symbolic of
colonialism
● Provoke occupier into repression of civilian population.
● Assure negative public opinion in home country.
![Page 14: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Democracy and Terrorism
● Statistically, democracies experience more terrorist attacks than non-democracies (Eubank and Weinberg 1994; 2001; Li 2005)
● Theoretical explanations crop up to explain.
What are some potential problems with that statistical conclusion?
![Page 15: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Enders and Sandler (2006)Characteristics of liberal democracies:● Rule of Law● Freedom of Speech● Freedom of Movement● Electoral representation.
How do these apparently contribute to terrorism?
![Page 16: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Democratic Dilemma● Respond slowly and lose legitimacy, respond
too quickly and lose support.
● Violations of civil rights “needed” to fight terrorism are domestically unpopular.
![Page 17: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Terrorist Movements can use free media
![Page 18: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Discussion:
Is democratic dilemma credible? How does it speak to grievance or nationalism explanations?
![Page 19: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Discussion II:● What do you think leads to terrorism?
Political liberalism or political exclusion?
● Were colonial powers that were democracies at home restrained in fighting terrorist movements abroad? Why might fighting domestic movements be different?
![Page 20: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Case: Northern IrelandThe Troubles
![Page 21: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Background: Ireland as part of UK
● Britain ruled Ireland for centuries until the early 1900s.
● Catholics (75% of the population) faced legal and then informal discrimination.
![Page 22: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Easter Rising and Independence War
● 1916: Easter Rising against British Rule put down.
● 1919-1921: War of Independence. IRA secures home rule for Southern Ireland.
![Page 23: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Northern Ireland remains part of UK
● Six northern counties don’t secede.
● Populated by Protestant loyalists to the crown.○ Catholic minority.
● Retain self-government through local parliament in Belfast.
![Page 24: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
NI society dominated by Protestants
● Catholics discriminated from public housing, employment.
● RUC (police) dominated by loyalists.
● Elections for local parliament gerrymandered, malapportioned.
![Page 25: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Civil rights movement in 1960s
● Catholics demand political and social rights.
● Unionist terrorists emerge to attack protesters.
![Page 26: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Actors in the Troubles
Irish Republican Army and splinter groups
Northern Ireland government
British government Ulster Volunteer Force and splinters
IRA foreign backers
![Page 27: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Irish Republican Army
● Initially non-violent.● Split between Provisional
and Official IRA in 1969.● PIRA committed attacks on
loyalist and British military targets.
● Political wing: Sinn Fein Party.
![Page 28: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Northern Ireland Government
● Dominated by Unionists.○ Especially Royal Ulster
Constabulary (police force)● Opposed settlement with
Catholics.● Used repression against
peaceful protesters.
![Page 29: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
UK Government
● Initially militarily intervene to restore order.
● Target for both sides.● Favor settlement
between Catholics and Protestants with NI remaining in UK
![Page 30: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ulster Unionist groups
● Carry out attacks on Catholics suspected of ‘militant activity’
● Vehemently support protestant rights.
● Political wing is Democratic Unionist Party.
![Page 31: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
IRA Foreign Support
● Funding comes from Irish diaspora, especially in US.
● Training from ETA and other nationalists.
● Some weapons from Gaddafi...
![Page 32: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Troubles
● Civil rights protests by Catholics repressed by RUC and other loyalist groups.
● Ulster Volunteer Force begins carrying out bombings in 1966 against Catholic targets.
![Page 33: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Riots in 1969 and UK intervention
● Police brutality against Catholics leads to riots in Belfast.
● Protestant and Catholic supporters fight on the streets.
● British military intervenes to calm violence.
![Page 34: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Terrorism escalates from both sides
● PIRA targets loyalist and UK targets.● UVF and other loyalist groups attack
Catholics.○ i.e. Shankill Butchers.
● UK suspends NI Parliament in 1972.● UK-brokered Sunningdale agreement fails in
1973 after loyalist opposition.
![Page 35: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
What do you think drove IRA terrorism? Loyalist
terrorism?
![Page 36: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
What role did democracy play in the Troubles?
Were liberal institutions a constraint or an
opportunity?
![Page 37: Causes of Terrorismpages.ucsd.edu/~kash/POLI 142L Class Three Slides.pdfCrenshaw’s three causes... Grievances. i.e. discrimination Not a necessary condition Lack of political opportunity](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070220/6133a1d5dfd10f4dd73b36c3/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Exam on Wednesday:● Worth 0-15% of grade, depending on other
results.
● 5 short-answer questions: choose three. Two essay questions: choose one. ○ Reflects discussion questions on syllabus.
● 50 minutes.