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Cattle Behavior and Handling Facilities
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Objectives Proper handling of cattle to avoid stress
and harm to them and their handlers
Proper design and construction of cattle handling facilities
Techniques to identify highly excitable cattle
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Cattle Behavior
James B. Neel and F. David KirkpatrickExtension Beef Cattle SpecialistsDepartment of Animal ScienceUniversity of Tennessee
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The producer needs to know cattle behavior in order to work cattle to get done what needs to be done
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Animal Behavior?
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Animal behavior is defined as the pattern of action observed in animals that occurs either voluntarily or involuntarily.(Taylor and Fields, 1998)
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Animal behavior is the interaction of inherited abilities and learned experiences
…inherited or instinct. Example is the ability or desire of a “new” calf to nurse.
…a learned experience is cattle coming to feed following the horn on your pickup.
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…an understanding of animal behavior will facilitate economic management and handling of beef cattle.
…and to have an understanding of the animal.
…and the animal’s ability to adapt to various environment and management conditions.
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Animal behavior can be defined as an animal’s response to a stimulus from the environment.
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What do you know about cattle?
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General Features of Beef Cattle Highly adaptable Limited agility Gregarious social structure Ruminants, with multi-compartmentalized stomach Herbivores with the ability to thrive on forages and by-
products of little or no value to man Aggressive male Estrus (heat) display by female, with receptivity Early development of young
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Cattle can distinguish red, orange, and yellow colors
Small area of binocular vision
Large area of monocular vision
Olfaction (sense of smell)- Cattle can distinguish
peers by urine odors
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What do you know about cattle’s behavior, instinct?
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In the evolution of domestication over the centuries - - that response was directed toward survival.
Response was by fleeing (first option) - - - or fighting (survival mode).
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Cattle are animals of prey.
They rely on sight, sound, smell to detect predators and respond by fleeing or fighting. (survival mode)
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Humans were perceived as predators.
…in some situations, they may still be perceived as predators.
…cattle’s perception of handlers result from what they know about the cattle – and how they use that knowledge in management
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Herd Instinct
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Cattle have a herding instinct. “Safety in numbers.” (prey) Follow other animals in the group or herd.
(follow movement) Go in direction they are facing. React up to levels of adverse action when
separated from the herd and not allowed to return.
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Without human intervention, cattle are naturally herd animals
Can be in several small groups1. Female2. Male3. Mixed Gender
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Older bulls are the dominant members of a herd or group
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Territorial Instinct of Cattle
Cattle are comfortable in a familiar environment – a safe environment. Cattle are creatures of habit. Grazing patterns Paths across pastures
Cattle would prefer to maintain a familiar environment
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Territorial Instinct of Cattle(continued)
Change in environment can alter comfort level. Re-establish “pecking order”. Put a “new cow” in the herd and
“pecking order” may change.
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Terittorial Instinct of Cattle (Continued)
Maintain order in herd. “Boss Cow” is a reality. There is a “rank and order” among cows
in herd. Put a “new cow” in the herd and rank
goes through establishing a “new order”.
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Maternal Instinct
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Maternal Instinct
Defensive instinct to protect young.
Cows can become very aggressive and unpredictable following calving.
Be extremely cautious when working with newborns.
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Producers should take time to observe their cattle’s temperament and understand their animals behavior so they can predict their actions and become a safer cattle handler.
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Cattles’ behavior and/or disposition can be of economic importance
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Iowa State University
Tri-County Steer Carcass Futurity (TCSCF) Last 5 years: 24,315 steers & heifers / 12
states Evaluated 3,132 steers (2004-2005) Top 1/3 made profit of $225.26/head; Lowest 1/3 lost avg of (-$46.46)/head
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TCSCF Disposition Score
1. Docile – Mild disposition, gentle, and handles quietly, exits chute calmly.
2. Restless – Quieter than average, but maybe stubborn during processing. Some tail flicking. Exits chute promptly.
3. Nervous – Typical temperament is management, but nervous and impatient. Constant movement. Repeated pushing and pulling on headgate. Exits chute briskly.
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TCSCF Disposition Score
4. Flighty (wild) – Jumpy and out of control, quivers, and struggles violently. Continuous tail flicking. Frantically runs fence line and may jump when penned individually. Exhibits long flight zone and exits chute wildly.
5. Aggressive – Similar to score 4, but with added aggressive behavior, fearful, extreme agitation, continuous movement which may include jumping and bellowing while in chute. Exits chute frantically and may exhibit attack behavior when handled alone.
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TCSCF Disposition Score
6. Very aggressive – Extremely aggressive temperament, “killers”. Pronounced attack behavior.
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TCSCF Disposition Data
Morbidity rates are higher in docile calves (scores 1 & 2), perhaps because aggressive calves don’t show depression & hide illness.
Mortality was almost twice as high in aggressive calves (scores 5 & 6) compared to docile calves.
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TCSCF Disposition Data
Aggressive, more excitable calves:1. Less tender;2. Lower degree of marbling (USDA
Choice reduced by 15.9%);3. More borderline toward dark cutters;4. Less efficient in feed conversion;5. Lower feedlot ADG (by 8.2%);
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Cattle with Low Whorls
Are less agitated and excitable when restrainedGrandin et al. 1995
@FDK
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Longitudinal low whorl
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Circular Whorl
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Cattle With High Whorls
Are More Excitable And Easily AgitatedWhen Restrained
Grandin et al.,1995@FDK
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Regular highsworl
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Cattle Temperament
Genetic selection and proper handling are the keys to improving cattle temperament.
With a heritability factor of 0.40 – 0.60, selection pressure for desirable temperament (ease of handling) will result in relatively rapid change or improvement.
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“PBR” (Professional Bull Riders) select bucking bull sires based on heritability.
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Cattle Temperament
Breeding / selection adjustments should be considered when repeated exposure shows that attitude – not environment –is to blame for unruly / aggressive behavior.
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“You can observe a lot by watching.”-Yogi Berra
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Cattle and Vision
Panoramic vision (over 300 degrees), a blind spot directly behind them. Chasing is perceived as predatory. Poor depth and vertical perception
ability to perceive ground depth while moving is very limited and sometimes results in limited movement (balking).
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Cattle have a wide angle of vision – about 300 degrees
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Cattle have slit-shaped pupils and weak eye muscles,
which inhibits their ability to focus quickly on objects.
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Cattle and Vision (continued)
Can only focus on an area of 25-50 degrees in front of them. Sensitive to light differently than
humans…move more easily from dark to light. Fear extreme contrasts of light and
dark.
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“Eyes in the front the animal hunts.”
Eyes on the side the animal hides.”
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Chasing cattle is perceived as being predatory… revert to instinct
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Flight Zone
Animals “Flight Zone” = Personal space Entering flight zone causes animal to
move away
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Flight Zone
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Flight Zone (Continued)
Go to deep into “flight zone”Cattle will bolt and runTurn and fight
Move back to outer edge of flight zoneCattle will stop movingBest for producer to work at the edge
of flight zone
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Size of flight zone depends on: How accustomed cattle are to being
handled Familiarity with people Familiarity with surroundings, facilities,
etc. Breed
Edge can be determined by slowly walking up to the animal
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Cattle and Hearing
Cattle have sensitive hearing and are frightened by excessive loud noises. Cattle can hear lower volume and
higher frequency sounds than humans but cannot locate it as well as humans.
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Cattle and Hearing (continued)
Cattle that are usually impaired may over compensate and are extremely sensitive to sound. Screaming, hollering, whistling and
whip crackling are stressors. Loud, metal “clanging” of handling
equipment also are problems
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Characteristics of Bulls
Bulls are territorial, possessive of their space and cows. Bulls should be respected, not
necessarily feared.
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Characteristics of Bulls(continued)
Submissive and docile bulls may become aggressive and cause injury and/or death. Never trust or turn back on bull or
separate from herd without help. Previous care and rearing has effect
on temperament.
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Characteristics of Bulls(Continued)
Bulls are unpredictable.
Mating season is a high risk time for bull attacks.
Always be aware of the bull’s location and plan an escape route.
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Do Not Turn your Back to a Bull
@FDK
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Cattle are responsible for most injuries caused by farm animals.
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A 1997 study conducted by Oklahoma State University (1997) reported that among 150 cases of cattle handling –related injuries among 100 Oklahoma cow-calf operations. The study also shared that more than
50% of the injury cases resulted from human error.
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Cattle will return to natural instinct when: Cattle are put in a situation or
environment that they cannot calmly respond. When stressed, cattle will go to “survival
mode,” First option is to flee - - second is fright. As stress increases, it will eventually
cause panic
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Failure in “knowing” cattle behavior and actions that modify cattle’s behavior can cause problems.
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Cattle producers should take time to understand their cattle’s behavior and temperament to better understand their possible reactions under different situations to become a more effective and safer cattle manager.
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Keep the dogs, hotshots, and sunglasses at home –slower is usually quicker.