Download - Cat Dissection
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Cat Dissection By: Brigid Tracy; Haylee Alonso;
Jess Duthie; Nicole Chagachbanian, Hannah Grogan
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Important Terms • Cranial- toward or pertaining to the head • Caudal- toward or pertaining to the tail or rear• Rostral- the most forward portion of the body• Dorsal- toward the back • Ventral- away from the back or toward the belly• Medial- toward the middle • Lateral- away from the middle• Proximal- the point nearest to the central axis • Distal- the point furthest from the central axis• Superficial- toward the surface• Deep- away from the surface• Superior- toward the top of a vertical plane
• Inferior- away from the top of a vertical plane
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Tools • Blunt probe- very useful in tearing through connective tissue• Scissors- used to cut through skin, muscle• Scalpel- used to gently scrape away connective tissue • Needle probe- used as a pointer, or to attach the specimen to the dissecting tray • Forceps- used to grasp small objects and to remove connective tissue • Protective gear- because the preservative can be irritating to your skin and damage you clothes
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Head and Neck• Pinnae(external ears)• Eyes• Superior palpebrae( upper eyelids)• Inferior palpebrae(lower eyelids)• Nostrils( external nares)• Vibrissae (whiskers)• Nicitating membrane- originates in the lower medial corner of the eye; transparent 3rd eyelid
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Trunk • Thoracic region• Abdominal region• Pelvic region• Pectoral region- ventral side of thorax• Back- dorsal side of thorax• Nipples- ventral surface of trunk in thoracic and abdominal regions; 2 rows of paired nipples associated with mammary glands• Genital region- posterior end of the pelvic region in both sexes• Testes• Penis • Urogenital aperture- external opening to the vagina and urethra
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Useful Terms • Flexion- decrease in the angle at the joint between articulating bones• Extension- decrease in the angle at a joint• Abduction- movement away from the body's midline• Adduction- movement toward the body’s midline• Rotation- movement around a central axis• Supination- lateral rotation of the hand upward• Pronation- medial rotation of the hand downward • Eversion- rotation of the sole of the foot outward• Inversion- rotation of the sole of the foot inward• Circumduction- rotation of a limb around a central axis
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Limbs and Tail • Limbs- as a typical quadruped mammal, the cat has four limbs- two upper forelimbs and two lower hind limbs. • Tail- is covered with variable amounts of fur and is useful as a rudder and balance beam during locomotion
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Skinning
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Pectoralis Major
• Origin: cranial half of sternum
• Insertion: proximal third of the humerus
• Action: adduction of the forelimb
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Pectoralis Minor
• Origin: six vertebrae or xiphoid process
• Insertion: ventral border of the humerus
• Action: adduction of the forelimb
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External Oblique
• Origin: lumbodorsal fascia of the caudal ribs
• Insertion: sternum and along linea alba
• Action: compression of the abdomen
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Internal Oblique
• Origin: lumbodorsal fascia of the caudal ribs
• Insertion: sternum and along the linea alba
• Action: compression of the abdomen
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Transverse abdominis
• Origin: aponeurosis of the caudal costal cartilages, lumbar vertebrae, and ventral border of ilium
• Insertion: along linea alba
• Action: compresses the abdomen
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Rectus Abdominis
• Origin: iliac crest• Insertion: cartilage
of the S’h-7’h ribs and the xiphoid
• Action: compresses the abdomen and flexes the trunk
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Trapezius
• Origin: 7th thoracic vertebrae and thoracic vertebrae
• Insertion: acromion process, scapula, and clavicle
• Action: extends humerus, adducts scapula
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Latissimus Dorsi
• Origin: 4th or 5th thoracic vertebrae to the 6th lumbar vertebrae
• Insertion: Medial surface of the humerus
• Action: pulls forelimb dorsocaudally
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Sternomastoid
• Origin: cranial border of the manubrium
• Insertion: lamboidal ridge and mastoid process of the temporal bone
• Action: contraction by both will flex head; individual contraction will rotate head
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Cleidomastoid
• Origin: mastoid process of temporal bone
• Insertion: lamboidal ridge and mastoid process of the temporal bone
• Action: contraction by both will flex head; individual contraction will rotate head
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Biceps Brachii
• Origin: scapula• Insertion: radius• Action: flexion of
the forearm, but also supinates the Manus and stabilizes the shoulder joint
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Triceps Brachii
• Origin: lateral head of the humerus; long head (scapula); medial head (medial side of humerus)
• Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna
• Action: extension of antebrachium
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Sartorius
• Origin: iliac crest• Insertion: fascia
surrounding the knee and tibia
• Action: adduction and rotation of the femur and extensions of the shank
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Gracilis
• Origin: Ischium and pubis
• Insertion: thin Apo neurosis associated with the shank
• Action: adducts and retracts the thigh
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Biceps Femoris
• Origin: one head in the cat; ischium
• Insertion: tibia and patella
• Action: abducts the thigh and flexes the shank
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Semitendinosis
• Origin: ischium • Insertion: medial
surface of the tibia • Action: flexes lower
leg
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Vastus Medialis
• Origin: shaft of the femur
• Insertion: tibia
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Rectus Femoris
• Origin: ilium near acetabulum
• Insertion: tibia
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Vastus Lateralis
• Origin: greater trochanter and shaft of femur
• Insertion: tibia
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Gastrocnemius
• Origin: lateral head (patella/femur/tibia) medial head (femur)
• Insertion: Achilles tendon that attaches to calcaneus bone
• Action: extends the pes and flexes the antebrachium
Achilles tendon
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Gluteus Maximus (smaller)
• Origin: transverse processes of the last sacral and first caudal verterbrae
• Insertion: greater trochanter of femur
• Action: abducts thigh
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Gluteus Medius (bigger)
• Origin: iliac crest, last sacral vertebrae, 1’ caudal vertebrae
• Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur
• Action: abducts the thigh
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External Intercostals
• Origin: cranial rib • Insertion: adjacent
caudal rib • Action: protraction
of the irbs, which is required for inspiration
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Longissimus Dorsi
• Origin: spines of vertebrae; ilium
• Insertion: processes of more cranial vertebrae
• Action: extends the vertebral column
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Gastrointestinal tract
Long winding tube that carries food through its length
Esophagus: Liver: Stomach: Small Intestine: Large intestine:
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Accessory organsSupportive organs that lie outside the GI tract (teeth salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)
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Diaphragm
An internal muscular partition dividing the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
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Lingual frenulum
The ventral fold of tissue attaching the tongue to the floor of the mouth
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Filiform
Sharp projections off of the cats tongue to give a friction surface for grooming
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Esophagus
Long, muscular tube that transports swallowed materials from the pharynx to the stomach(behind trachea)
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Mesentery
Double layer of peritoneum that extends from the visceral peritoneum of the small and large intestines to the dorsal abdominal wall
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Liver
Prominent, dark-brown organ lying immediately deep to the diaphragm with most of its bulk on the right side
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Gallbladder
Thin walled sac that receives newly manufactured bile from the liver for temporary storage
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Stomach
J-Shaped enlargement of the GI tract; functions as a temporary reservoir for swallowed food
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Small Intestine
Long winding tube that finalizes chemical digestion and is the only side for nutrient absorption
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Large Intestine
Caudal portion of the GI tract; absorbs water from the contents that arrive from the small intestine, prepares and forms the feces
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Rectum
Terminal segment of the large intestine
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Pancreas
Located just below the greater curvature of the stomach; functions in the secretion of hormones that regulate blood sugar levels, secretion of digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate
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Larynx
Box like structure composed of 5 cartilages that create a small chamber; houses the vocal cords which produces sound when exhaled air in channeled through
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Trachea
Tubular air passageway extending from the larynx to the thoracic vertebra, where it divides
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Lungs
Multi-lobed structures located lateral, cranial, and caudal to the heart; consists of many air-filled alveoli
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Kidneys
Bean shaped organs partially embedded in fat against the dorsal body wall
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Ureters
Narrow tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder at the base of the pelvic cavity
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Urinary Bladder
Reservoir for urine; has the ability to expand
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Thoracic Cavity
(or chest cavity) is the chamber of the human body (and other animal bodies) that is protected by the thoracic wall (thoraciccage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia).
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Pleural Cavity
a closed space (like the inside of a balloon) within which the lung has grown. As the lung grows into the space, it picks up a layer of pleura (outside of balloon) and this is called the visceral pleura. The remainder of the pleura is called the parietal pleura.
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Pericardial Cavity
or pericardial space) is a potential space between the parietal pericardium and visceral layer. It contains a supply of serous fluid. The serous fluid that is found in this space is known as thepericardial fluid.
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Apex and Base
Base: The part of the heart formed mainly by the left atrium and to a lesser extent by the posterior part of the right atrium, directed backward and to the right, and separated from the vertebral column by the esophagus and aorta.Apex: the blunt extremity of the heart formed by the left ventricle
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Family Picture