Sustainable Access to
CSUEB HaywardCars vs. Transit
Outline
Current Access and Proposed Parking Alternatives The Beeline Bus: Fast, Frequent, Free Travel Time Enough Ridership? Comparative Costs and Financing Summary
Current Access to CSUEB Hayward
The campus has many large parking lots. At the start of fall and winter quarters parking
spaces are scarce. Parking permits cost $130 per quarter. AC Transit Bus Route 60 runs every 20 minutes
from Hayward BART, and takes 18 minutes to get to campus.
Students can ride a free campus shuttle, also slow.
Proposed Parking
Parking Spaces
Fall 2008 Proposed Fall 2017
Percent increase
4,456 5,560 24.8%
The CSUEB Hayward Draft Master Plan
(CSUEB Hayward Master Plan, 2008)
What’s behind these numbers? Planners propose reducing demand for parking
using various policies called Transportation Demand Management (TDM).
Even so, planners project a need for more parking before and after 2017.
Academic buildings would be built on some current parking lots, reducing needed spaces.
Planners propose a parking structure for 1,100 cars to meet parking needs projected for 2017.
Alternatives
Stanford University
Stanford began the Cash for Clean Air pro-gram in 1994, paying students NOT to park on campus – now $180/year per student.
Rather than spending millions on parking garages, Stanford chose to invest in bike and transit programs to maintain campus aesthetics and promote clean air.
UC Santa Cruz The University invests in transit
& bike paths. Parking spaces are limited.
1 space per 3 students. Cars on campus are not allowed
for Freshmen & Sophomores. Parking fees are extremely high.
$684/year
Other Campus Programs
Access policies also include: Ample, safe, protected bicycle parking Pedestrian-friendly walkways Car pooling and car sharing Quick, reliable public transportation Planned reduction of traffic and parking
Chico...Cal Poly...the whole U.C. system has increasing enrollment and award-winning transit.
Alternatives to a Parking Structure
Alternative land use: Student Housing
A residence hall here would be closer to campus than the proposed housing on the west low terrace, where students would have to walk up past the parking structure to reach the campus. Then, the terrace could be used for low-cost surface parking or recreation.
Alternative access using fast, frequent, free buses: “The Beeline Bus”
The Beeline Bus – fast, frequent, free
Fast in traffic Mid-size, 30 foot, buses keep up with traffic
Less obtrusive than the usual 40 foot bus or articulated bus
Faster and more nimble in trafficMid-size bus seats 30 passengers
Diesel – electric dual mode motor or all electric Faster hill climbing with electrical torqueRegenerative braking downhill recovers energyCan run on sustainable biodiesel, e.g., waste
cooking or motor oil
Fast On-Off Boarding
Bus stops have raised platforms for no-step on-off boarding.
Docking parks buses very close to platform.
Prepaid fares are checked at random by inspectors (“proof of purchase”).
Driver does not collect fares, for faster on-off boarding.
Las Vegas MAX
The bus has wide doors on floor level, no steps.
Frequent
The bus is frequent, every 10 minutes. Travel time BART to campus is 8 minutes. It runs all day; it starts before 8:00 am classes
and ends after 10:00 pm. The bus keeps on schedule, using signal
changing equipment to change red lights. The bus may use “right-lane preference” to use
right turn lanes to cut past cars at intersections.
Free
All students would ride for free Parking charges would pay for the bus Parking charges would increase less than
for a parking structure Students using the free bus benefit the
most All students benefit from lower parking
charges and less traffic
The Beeline Route
Distance = 2.25 miles
Convenient Stops, BART to Campus
Hayward BART Station
B Street
Mission at Fletcher
C Street
Mission at Highland
Mission at Carlos Bee
Bayview Village
Campus
Stops on campus
PE Bldg
Library
Campus stops make sense Faster, more efficient route than Loop Road for
transit-walk trips Safer than driving around the Loop Road: Crosses
three walkways on campus; crosses too many walkways and cars to count on Loop Road
More visibility & advertising for the service Other campuses have transit stops on campus:
Stanford’s Marguerite, Berkeley’s Bear Transit Visibility and sustainability would help promote
the campus
Travel Time
Total travel time is important
“In-vehicle” time is only part of total trip time Total time needs to include all stages:
parking and walking to bus stopaverage waiting time for a busthe in-vehicle time (bus or car)parking on campus (car)walking from bus or car to building entry
Time from BART to campus Driving: In-vehicle time to Lot C using Hayward Blvd.
and proposed new entry road, park, walk to center of library: about 16 minutes
AC Transit: In-vehicle time to downtown, park, walk to bus, wait, in-vehicle time to campus, walk to center of library: about 35 minutes
Beeline Bus: In-vehicle time to downtown, park, walk to bus, wait, in-vehicle time to campus, walk to center of library: about 20 minutes
Why not AC Transit? AC Transit Route 60 is slow:
Slow, under-powered articulated bus Round-about route using 2nd St. 18 minutes run time (8 minutes for the Beeline) Travel time 35 minutes (20 minutes for the Beeline)
AC Transit is expensive: $148 per bus operating hour ($68 for MV Transportation in Union City)
Many campuses run their own bus systems for control, efficiency, and cost savings
Why not the CSUEB Shuttle?
A 20 minute run time; it should be 8 minutes A 20 minute headway; it should be 10 minutes No service Friday evening or weekends It is limited in whom it serves It supports no corridor development It has a circuitous route
Driving vs. BART BART is expensive, but the average cost per mile for a
car is even higher.
However, the marginal cost of driving (the cost of gasoline) is low. Gasoline is about 18% of the average cost. Cars are expensive to own, but cheap to drive.
BART, round trip, Oakland - Hayward$5.60
Average driving cost, 30 miles, $.55/mile $16.27
Marginal cost of gas, 25 mpg, $3/ gallon $3.58
The Beeline Bus supports a car free lifestyle, saving a large amount of money—no car costs, no parking fees
Enough Ridership?
The Goal for a Rapid Bus:Equal the Parking Structure
CSUEB estimates 18,755 students, faculty, and staff need access to the campus in 2017.
The master plan projects about 2,695 students will live on-campus, leaving 16,096 people needing access from off-campus.
With no structure, there would be about 4,460 surface spaces, 1,100 spaces short of need.
Transit would need to serve the equivalent of 1,100 parking spaces, or about 1,300 people, to meet the goal of the proposed structure.
Data bases for analyzing transit
Data sources:
Zip codes of student residential location
Traffic model data of origin zones of 2005
Days of the week that classes meet
Time of day when students attend class
City of Hayward traffic counts by half hour
Bus capacity
CSUH Student Access To Campus, Fall 2008 by Zip Code Probable gateway route from home to campus
Residential LocationBy Zip code
BART Availability?
Local Mission, Harder
I-880 from south, Harder
SR 92 or SR 84 Harder
I-880 from north, A or
Winton
I-580 from north,
downtown
I-580 from east, Second
Total 2008 percent
2001 percent*
Berkeley Albany Kensington yes 272 272 2.1% 2.4%
Union City Fremont Newark yes 1,204 548 1,752 13.5% 9.1%
Hayward Castro Valley no 845 620 271 322 714 2,772 21.4% 20.0%
Oakland Alameda Emeryville Piedmont yes 883 1,005 1,888 14.6% 12.2%
Pleasanton Dublin Livermore no 839 839 6.5% 3.8%
San Leandro, San Lorenzo yes 458 458 915 7.1% 7.3%
West Contra Costa yes 531 531 4.1% 4.9%
The rest of Contra Costa no 1,935 1,935 15.0% 4.0%
San Francisco, Northwest Cal yes 446 446 3.4% 2.1%
San Mateo Co., Palo Alto no 425 425 3.3% 3.3%
Solano, San Joaquin no 434 434 3.4% 0.5%
Santa Clara, South yes 730 730 5.6% 5.3%
Total 845 1,824 1,278 696 1,340 3,034 3,922 12,939 100.0% 100.0%
Percent 6.5% 14.1% 9.9% 5.4% 10.4% 23.4% 30.3% 100.0%
About one third of students come through, or could come through, downtown Hayward on their way to campus.Sample size in Fall 2001 was 13,078.
Students residing on campus were not listed. Listings from out of state and Southern California have been excluded.
There is no data on transit access. The table indicates probable vehicle routes. The data from Colin Ormsby has many misspellings, wrong zip codes, and improbable residency locations. This table is simplified from C:\Users\Sherman\Documents\CSUEB Hayward Access\CSUH_transit_access_20081104.xlsx
Where Are Students Coming From?How many students use the “downtown corridor” from Hayward BART to campus?
Zip code data on student residential locationAbout 23.4 % come via I-580 from the North via Foothill
or live in the downtown Hayward areaAbout 10.4 % come via I-880 from the North, and could
use A St. or Winton Ave. County traffic model data on origin zones to
campusAbout 18.6 % come via I-880 from the NorthAbout 14.7 % come via I-580 from the North
Both sources show about 33 % using this corridor
Most classes meet on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday
Percent meeting by day of week
Monday 708 23.3%
Tuesday 703 23.1%
Wednesday 682 22.4%
Thursday 678 22.3%
Friday 229 7.5%
Saturday 35 1.1%
Sunday 9 0.3%
Total classes with known days 3,044 100%
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500
1,000
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2,000
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4,000
Students in classes by time of day, Monday, Fall 2008
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Monday classes mostly 9:00 am to 7:30 pm
Tuesday classes mostly 10:00 am to 7:30 pm
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500Students in classes by time of day, Tuesday, Fall 2008
Traffic Counts in Hayward City counts were adjusted
using the County traffic model to show campus only.
They show a pattern similar to class meeting times.
Both traffic counts and class schedules show travel spread evenly across the day with no strong peak concentrations.
Even flow is ideal for transit.
Time Bee up Bee down6am - 7am 313 82
7am - 8am 522 278
8am - 9am 489 464
9am - 10 am 355 443
10am -11am 330 399
11am - 12am 315 390
12am - 1pm 394 372
1-2 533 333
2-3 523 333
3-4 400 414
4-5 432 445
5-6 444 512
6-7 397 558
7-8 422 416
8-9 294 320
9-10 354 304
10-11 173 173
6am to 11pm 6,689 6,235
Rider capacity of a two-bus system
Each bus can carry 30 passengers, and goes one way 3 times per hour: 90 riders one way per hour.
Each bus operates 14.5 hours to serve morning and evening classes.
If buses on average are half full, they would carry 1,305 round trip riders per day.
In practice, some runs will have few riders and others have standing room only.
Even if only half full, rapid buses could meet the same need as the parking structure.
Would enough students ride? About 33% of students come through downtown Hayward They would walk, take a bus or BART, or use parking
along the route to reach the bus Only 36% of students using this downtown corridor would
need to ride the bus to make it feasible They would save about $200 per quarter with little
loss of time on average For some times of day and some campus destinations
they would save time. Some students could then live car free and afford to
attend CSUEB Hayward
Comparative Costsand
Financing
Estimated Cost of Parking Structure
Per space construction cost: about $29,200 Amortization over 25 years at 5% interest:
about $2,050 per year Operating costs: about $500 per year Total costs per space: about $2,550 per year Total cost for 1,100 spaces: $2,800,000 per
year
Estimating the Fee to Pay for A Parking Structure
Parking permits must pay for parking costs, including the parking structure.
Permits are sold fall, winter, and spring.
About 4.95 quarterly permits are sold per space per year.
Total quarterly permits sold 2007-08
(students, faculty, staff )Parking spaces
2007-08Permits sold per space per year
24,053 4,860 4.95
Two ways to estimate the parking fee
1) Unsubsidized parking fee: those who park in the structure pay the cost of the structure.
2) Subsidized parking fee: those who use surface parking are over-charged to help cover the cost of the parking structure.
Unsubsidized Parking Fee
The cost of a parking structure space divided by the number of permits sold per space per year equals the cost per quarter of a student parking fee.
The unsubsidized parking permit for the structure would cost about $515 per quarter.
Permits sold per space per year
Cost of structure space per year
Quarterly fee
4.95 $ 2,600 $515
Subsidized Parking Fee
Students can be over-charged for surface parking to pay for the parking structure.
In 2017 the plan calls for 1,100 structure spaces and 4,460 surface spaces, totaling 5,560.
The quarterly parking fee overcharge for the structure would be about $102.
Number of all spaces
Number of quarter permits / year
Cost of structure per
year
Fee increase to subsidize structure
5,560 27,522 $ 2,806,000 $102
One more way to look at the cost of a parking structure
Suppose we build surface parking on the same spot as the structure.
Then, the structure only adds parking on the upper levels.
We can subtract the surface costs from the structure costs and the surface spaces from the total structure spaces.
The result is the cost per space for the upper spaces.
The structure diagram shows that at least 223 spaces could be built on the same footprint.
A surface lot would cost about $790 per space per year for amortization and operations, far less than the $2,600 per space for the structure.
The unsubsidized surface parking permit would cost about $160 per quarter, far less than $515 permit cost per quarter for the structure.
Net cost of upper levels The parking structure gains about 877 spaces
above the surface.
The cost of the structure minus the cost of surface parking equals the net cost of the upper levels.
The unsubsidized permit cost for the upper level spaces would be about $606 per quarter.
Any parking fee based on the cost of the structure is uneconomic; it won’t work.
Cost of A Two-bus System Capital costs are about $4.3 million:
High-tech buses are expensive, about $550,000 each Signal changing equipment Raised platform stops with shelters Guided docking at platforms Garage for office, parts, and servicing
Ramp to PE Building and Loop Rd. intersection realignment Amortized at 5% over 25 years = $300,000 per year Operating costs would be about $70 per bus operating hour Operating costs for a full schedule all year = $741,000 Yearly capital and operating = $1,040,000
Paying for the Beeline Bus Parking fine revenue: About $150,000 per year
Parking permit fee revenue from about 4,460 surface spaces in 2017 pays for surface parking and the bus
At 4.95 permits sold per space per year, 22,073 permits would be sold
Only $40 per permit above the cost of surface parking covers all of the cost of transit to campus
And…
Class Pass - All students get a free pass.
Summary of Cost Estimates A 1,100 space parking structure would cost:
$102 parking fee/quarter, subsidized (added to base permit cost, currently $95 per quarter)
$515 parking fee/quarter, unsubsidized
$606 parking fee/quarter, upper levels alone New surface parking on structure footprint
would cost $160/quarter Frequent, rapid bus would cost $40/quarter
Summary
More Parking? Expensive for the student Has to be subsidized by surface parking Expensive for the environment Increases traffic and congestion Increases fossil fuel use and pollution Increases health and safety problems
from accidents and a sedentary life style Continues dependency on cars and
foreign sources of energy
The Beeline Bus Provides access equal to or better than a
parking structure; no need for a structure Improves use of scarce land capacity: student
housing instead of a parking structure Costs student less than a parking structure Serves all students, not just those with cars Supports living on campus without a car Helps enrollment growth based on
increasingly convenient, fast transit access
The Beeline Bus
More sustainable, less environmental damage: Reduces greenhouse gases and other air
pollutants Reduces fossil fuel use, reduces oil dependency Reduces dependency on foreign oil suppliers,
helps economic productivity Reduces traffic accidents and deaths Supports walking and biking, so improves
personal health
The Beeline Bus Reduces congestion as it grows: buses can go
to South Hayward BART, Castro Valley BART, and I-880 exits at Winton and Harder.
Supports car-free development and affordable housing along the Mission corridor and on-campus, which then increases bus frequency
Improves access between campus and downtown businesses and BART
Supports revitalization of downtown Hayward and BART ridership
CSUEB Hayward,
using a frequent, fast, free bus – The Beeline Bus --
can be a national leader in
sustainable transportation.