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CARDIOVASCULAR CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMSYSTEM
THE HEARTChapter 18
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Physical CharacteristicsPhysical Characteristics
Located in the mediastinum between the lungs and behind the sternum
About the size of a clenched fist
Shaped like an inverted cone
Apex vs. Base
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Coverings and LayersCoverings and Layers Covering Around the Heart
– Pericardium Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium
– Parietal layer
– Visceral layer (epicardium)
– Serous fluid
Walls of the Heart– Epicardium– Myocardium– Endocardium
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ChambersChambers
Atria– Right atrium– Left atrium– Interatrial septum– Fossa ovalis
Ventricles– Right ventricle– Left ventricle– Interventricular septum
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Differences between the Differences between the VentriclesVentricles
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ValvesValves Atrioventricular valves
– Tricuspid– Bicuspid (mitral)
Semilunar valves– Pulmonary semilunar– Aortic semilunar
Associated Structures– Chordae tendineae– Papillary muscles
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ValvesValves
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AV ValvesAV Valves
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Semilunar ValvesSemilunar Valves
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Heart Valve VideoHeart Valve Video
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Microscopic AnatomyMicroscopic Anatomy
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Microscopic AnatomyMicroscopic Anatomy
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Blood FlowBlood Flow
Pulmonary CircuitSystemic CircuitCoronary CircuitVenous Drainage
Blood Flow Animation
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Pulmonary vs. SystemicPulmonary vs. Systemic
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Pulmonary CirculationPulmonary Circulation
Superior and inferior vena cava and coronary sinus
Right atrium Tricuspid Right Ventricle Pulmonary semilunar Pulmonary arteries Lungs
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Systemic CirculationSystemic Circulation
Pulmonary veins Left atrium Bicuspid valve Left ventricle Aortic semilunar Systemic aorta Coronary artery
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Coronary CirculationCoronary Circulation Left coronary artery
– Anterior interventricular artery
– Circumflex artery
Right coronary artery– Posterior
interventricular artery– Marginal artery
Arterial anatomoses
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Posterior ViewPosterior View
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Venous DrainageVenous Drainage
Superior vena cava Inferior vena cava Great cardiac vein Small cardiac vein Middle cardiac vein Coronary sinus
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Posterior ViewPosterior View
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Posterior ViewPosterior View
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Anastomoses of Coronary Anastomoses of Coronary CirculationCirculation
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Cardiac Conduction SystemsCardiac Conduction Systems
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Intrinsic Cardiac Intrinsic Cardiac Conduction System AnimationConduction System Animation
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Extrinsic Cardiac Extrinsic Cardiac Conduction SystemConduction System
Autonomic Innervation– Sympathetic nervous
system– Parasympathetic nervous
system
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Cardiac PhysiologyCardiac Physiology
EKG
Heart Sounds
Cardiac Cycle
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ElectrocardiographElectrocardiograph
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EKG and ConductionEKG and Conduction
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EKG AnimationEKG Animation
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Abnormal ECGAbnormal ECG
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Heart SoundsHeart Sounds
Auscultate Stethoscope Lub-dup, pause, lub-dup,
pause, etc Lub= AV valves closing Dup=Semilunar valves
closing
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Cardiac Cycle AnimationCardiac Cycle Animation
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Cardiac OutputCardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) = the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute
– CO = SV X HR– SV=“stroke volume” or the amount of blood
pumped by a ventricle in a single beat– HR=“heart rate” or number of beats per minute
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Factors Affecting SVFactors Affecting SV
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Factors Affecting SVFactors Affecting SV
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ContractilityContractilityPositive Inotropic Agents
- Sympathetic NS
- Digitalis
- Glucagon (pancreas)
- Epinephrine
- Hypercalcemia
Negative Inotropic Agents- Hyperkalemia
- Hypocalcemia
- Cardiac hypoxia
- Cardiac hypercapnia
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Factors Affecting HRFactors Affecting HR
Autonomic nervous systemHormones: epinephrine and thyroxineAge, gender, fitness, emotional stateBody temperatureIon concentrations in body fluidsBlood pressure
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HomeostasisHomeostasis
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Cardiac DisordersCardiac Disorders Valve disorders
– Heart murmur Stenosis Incompetent valve Mitral valve prolapse
– Rheumatic fever or Streptococcus infection– Sclerosis and thickening of valve flaps
Arrhythmias– Tachycardia– Bradycardia– Fibrillation– Heart block
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Cardiac DisordersCardiac Disorders Other related heart problems
– Ischemia and hypoxia– Angina pectoralis – Myocardial infarction– Heart palpitation– Asystole– Myocarditis– Endocarditis– Cardiac tamponade– Pericarditis– Congenital defects– Congestive heart failure