Transcript
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    Carbon in Life and

    Materials

    6

    C

    Carbon

    12.011

    Organic Compounds

    Organic Compounds:

    � Contain carbon-hydrogen bonds

    � Often contain N, S, P

    � Major types: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

    � Are not just living things but can also be made in a lab…example: sugar

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    Inorganic Compounds

    � Inorganic Compounds:

    � Substances that do not

    have carbon-hydrogen

    bonds

    � Not normally found in

    living things

    � Examples minerals,

    metals, and salts

    � Exceptions to the rule: (all inorganic)

    � Diamonds (C), graphite

    (C), carbon dioxide (CO2)

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    Carbon forms many different compounds

    � Large variety of compounds results from the

    number of bonds that each carbon atom can form

    � Carbon atoms always share four pairs of

    electrons in four covalent bonds

    � Single bond

    � Double bond

    � Triple bond

    Carbon-based molecules can have many structures

    � Chains

    � Carbon atoms can bond together to form chains that are straight or branched

    � Rings

    � Carbon rings contain at least 5 carbon atoms

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    Isomers

    � Isomer: compounds that contain the same atoms, but in different places

    � Both have 4 Carbonsand 10 Hydrogens

    � Butane

    � Isobutane

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    Carbon-based molecules are

    life’s building blocks

    � Carbon-based molecules have many

    functions in living things

    � Similarities

    � All contain carbon and hydrogen or oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus.

    � Large molecules

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    Life’s Carbon-based molecules

    � Carbohydrates

    � Lipids

    � Proteins

    � Nucleic acids

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    Carbohydrates

    � Carbohydrate: contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen…examples: sugars, starches, and cellulose.

    � Sugar: glucose C6H12O6�Cells in both plants and animals break down

    glucose for energy

    � Starch: many glucose molecules

    �When starch is broken down many glucose molecules are broken down and used for energy

    � Cellulose: plant cell walls

    �Carbohydrate that is composed of glucose

    Lipids

    � Lipid: fats and oils that are used for energy and as structural materials in living things

    � Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

    � Structure different from carbohydrates

    � Animals store chemical energy in fat

    � Fat…saturated and unsaturated

    � Saturated: all the bonds in the lipid are single, most animal

    fats…too much saturated fat could lead to heart disease

    � Unsaturated: one or more bonds in lipid are double

    � Cholesterol

    � lipid that is part of cell membranes

    � Makes hormones (chemical messengers in your body)

    Proteins

    � Proteins: macromolecules (large) that are

    made up of amino acids

    � Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements

    � Many different functions

    � Function based on order of amino acids

    � 20 different amino acids make up the proteins in your

    body

    � Function is based on structure

    Nucleic Acids

    � Nucleic acids: huge, complex carbon-based

    molecules that contain information that cells use to make proteins

    � Made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and

    phosphorus

    � Each cell in your body contains a complete set of nucleic acids…so each cell has all of the instructions it needs to make the proteins your

    body needs

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    DNA� Deoxyribonucleic Acid

    …nucleic acid that contains the genetic code

    � Sides of ladder made of sugar and phosphate

    � Rungs (steps) are made up of cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), Thymine (T).

    � C and G always pair

    � A and T always pair

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    Carbon-based molecules

    �DNA

    �Carries genetic code

    �Sequence of three DNA bases is the code for an

    amino acid

    �Function depends on order of

    amino acids

    �Structure, transport, immune

    system, enzymes

    �Include fats and oils

    �Energy for cells

    �Cell membran

    es

    �Sugars and starches

    �Energy for cells

    �Plant cell walls

    Nucleic Acids

    ProteinsLipidsCarbohydrates

    Carbon Cycle

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    Carbon-based molecules in many materials

    � Hydrocarbon: a compound made of hydrogen and carbon

    � Found in large deposits (petroleum)

    � Polymers

    � Very large carbon-based molecules made of smaller repeating units (monomers)

    � Formation by chemical reactions that bond monomers together

    � Plastics (polypropylene)…capable of being molded or shaped…plastics can be recycled


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