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Don Lawton Dept of Geoscience University of Calgary
AWMA CPANS presentation, December 14, 2010
Carbon capture and storage: ambitious targets for reductions in CO2 emissions
in Canada
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Currently: ~84 million bpd
86.4 million bpd
Yields: ~ 35 million tpd CO2
CCS - why do it ?
Total worldwide emissions 30 Gt/yr CO2
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Country CO2e t/person/year
United States 19
Australia 19
Canada 18
China 5
Indonesia 2
India 1
GHG emissions
http://www.carbonplanet.com/country_emissions
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Bachu, 2009 4
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0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
1990 2005 2020 2035 2050 Year
GHG
Em
issio
ns M
t CO
2e/y
r
Kyoto Target
Actual Emissions (~80% from energy)
Kyoto Commitment
Period (2008-12)
-20% (Cdn)
-80% (USA)
-65% (Cdn)
Effic. & Conservation
Renewable & Alt. Energy
Carbon Storage
Canada’s 2050 target for emissions reductions • Requires >850 Mt of GHG
emission reductions by 2050 • Since fossil fuels account for 80%
of emissions, meeting the target must entail:
• Conserving and using fossil fuels more efficiently;
• Substitution with alternative or renewable energy;
• Keeping fossil carbon out of the atmosphere.
Achieving 2050: A carbon pricing policy for Canada (2009), NRTEE
5
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CCS from large point CO2 emitters
CO2
cost
risk
CO2 capture
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Geological storage of CO2
Courtesy Ian Potter, Alberta Research Council
Unmineable coalbeds
Depleted oil & gas reservoirs
Enhanced oil recovery
Deep saline formations
7
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8
Properties of CO2
http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/ fac/sci/eng/cmd/research/civil/supercritical/
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http://www.oilsands.alberta.ca/FactSheets/FS-CES-CCS.pdf After Bachu and Stewart, 2002
CCS potential in Alberta
Capacity --- Injection rate --- Storage security --- Fate of CO2
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http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/co2_h2s/means_of_storage.html
Geologic storage of CO2 EOR and depleted oil & gas reservoirs
• Geometry of reservoir is well known • Physical trapping mechanism • Known caprock integrity • History matched • Leakage potential through old wells
10
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Weyburn-Midale CO2 Project, Saskatchewan
OOIP = 1.4 billion barrels EOR with CO2 = 155 million barrels CO2 stored = 26 million tonnes
Don White, NRCan
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http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/co2_h2s/means_of_storage.html
Geologic storage of CO2 deep saline formations
• Reservoir may not be confined • Chemical/hydrodynamic trapping mechanism • Seal integrity untested • No history to match • Deep, multiple seals • Few wells for potential leakage pathways
12
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0.0 20.0 40.0 km
WASP Large-scale Study
Area
3D Seismic
2D Seismic
WASP High-grade Focus
Area
LEGENDS
Wells with Sonic & Ireton Top
Water Injection
Dry & Abandoned
Producing Gas
Suspended Gas
Water Source
Abandoned Oil
Water Source Well
WASP study : 50 years of CO2 injection at 1 Mt/year (Nisku aquifer)
CO2 plume (10 km)
Pressure plume 100 km
+2 MPa
+5 MPa
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(?!)
NRCan (2009)
Swan Hills
Refineries & upgraders
CCS in Alberta 4 projects
1 Mt/y by 2015
Pioneer
Coal-fired Powerstations
Enhance
14
Quest
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15
Shell Quest Project
http://www-static.shell.com/static/investor/downloads/news_and_library/quest_ccs_project_overview.pdf
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16
Enhance Energy
http://www.zeroco2.no/projects/alberta-carbon-trunk-line
http://swanhills-synfuels.com/iscg/overview/
Swanhills Synfuels
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TransAlta Project Pioneer
http://projectpioneer.ca/about-pioneer/maps
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Alberta’s 2008 CO2 emissions reductions targets
http://environment.gov.ab.ca/info/library/7894.pdf
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CCS site selection
• Determination of CO2 storage capacity in storage formation/complex
• Mapping and understanding seal quality and any containment risk for CO2 storage
• Ability for sustained injectivity of CO2 in the storage formation
• Understanding potential for unintended consequences (seismicity, pressure)
• Design and implementation of a monitoring program
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Risk from a regulatory perspective • Pressure interference with existing hydrocarbon pools • Pressure interference between adjacent CCS projects • Brine migration through old wells • Out of zone CO2 migration to another storage formation (pore space) • CO2 migration to shallow aquifers through wells or natural pathways (faults, fractures) • CO2 escape into the atmosphere
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Risk concerns from a public perspective
• Will CO2 leak back into the atmosphere? • Are there any environmental or safety concerns associated with CCS? Now and in the future? • What happens to the carbon dioxide once it is underground? Will it stay there? • Will CO2 leak and contaminate groundwater ? • Will CCS cause earthquakes? • Will CCS reactivate faults?
Amanda Boyd, University of Calgary
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• Baseline geological characterization site selection, static geological model,
reservoir and seal properties, legacy wells • Containment monitoring well integrity, caprock integrity, leakage at
injection or observation well(s) • Conformance monitoring CO2 distribution in storage formation, out of
zone migration, pressure distribution, consistency with modelling
• Environmental monitoring CO2 migration to shallow aquifers, soils, or
into the atmosphere
Monitoring – risk identification/mitigation
22
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23
Benson, 2007
CCS Risk
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IPCC, 2005
CO2 fate
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25
IPCC, 2005
Physical trapping
After http://www.co2captureproject.org/co2_trapping.html
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26
IPCC, 2005
Residual trapping
After http://www.co2captureproject.org/co2_trapping.html
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27
IPCC, 2005
Solubility trapping
After http://www.co2captureproject.org/co2_trapping.html
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IPCC, 2005
Mineral trapping
After http://www.co2captureproject.org/co2_trapping.html
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NRCan, 2009
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South-central Alberta wells
Total wells 49,880
Stettler
Barrhead
Edmonton
Area 200 x 180 km 36,000 km2
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South-central Alberta wells
Abandoned wells All depths
9,587
Stettler
Barrhead
Edmonton
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South-central Alberta wells
Abandoned wells > Mississippian
6,665
Stettler
Barrhead
Edmonton
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South-central Alberta wells
Abandoned wells Precambrian
10
Stettler
Barrhead
Edmonton
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• Baseline geological characterization regional geology and hydrology; geophysical
data, wells, cores, logs, seismicity.
• Containment monitoring pressure/temperature/geomechanics logs, fluid sampling, seismic & microseismic.
• Conformance monitoring geophysical/geochemical/geomechanics
surveys, pressure/temperature • Assurance (environmental) monitoring soil and atmospheric surveys, water well
surveys, shallow geophysics.
Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV) - methods
34
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Pressure monitoring
Shallower saline formation
CO2 injector Observation well
Pressure gauge
Pressure gauge
Caprock
Dep
th
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Seismic monitoring example, Sleipner, Norway
Vertical sections
Map view CO2 plume
Baseline Monitor surveys
After Chadwick et al., TLE, February, 2010
1994 2001 2004 2006 2008
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Surface deformation monitoring from satellite data, Krechba, Algeria
Mathieson et al., TLE, February 2010
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Observation well - operational monitoring
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NCE
• National Network of Centres of Excellence
• De-Carbonize Upstream Fossil Energy • Started December 2009
Funded
• $25M Federal • $25M Alberta • >$1M Industry (to date)
Duration • 3 x 5 year terms (funded first term) • Challenge: Sustainable model
Carbon mitigation research
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CMC research themes A. Recovery, processing & capture B. Emerging & enabling technologies C. Secure carbon storage D. Accelerating appropriate deployment
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IPCC Summary for Policy Makers, Special Report of Working Group III, 2005
Shallow monitoring – CO2 detection threshold
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CCS monitoring research & training centre
42
Instrument shed & CO2 surface
facilities
Acce
ss r
oad
Buried seismic array
Corner reflector Water well GPS station Tiltmeter Soil gas sampler Microgravity Air CO2 detector
¼ section footprint Need a site !
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Goals of CCS monitoring research centre • Assess monitoring methods for CO2 detection threshold at shallow to intermediate depths for CCS risk assessment
• A field site for development, testing and implementation of new CCS monitoring technologies
• A hub for hands-on field research for multiple ISEEE & CMC-supported research programs in CCS
• Training in CCS MMV for students and industry
• Information to regulators for CCS conformance metrics
• A site for public education about CCS
• Novel CO2 capture on-site from a solid oxide fuel cell
• International partnerships
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Conclusions • CCS is a viable and pragmatic means of reducing
CO2 emissions • Western Canada Sedimentary Basin has a large
potential to store CO2 • CCS is a bridging technology towards new energy
paradigms • Canadian activities have focused on CO2 EOR • Scale-up to meet targets will be a challenge. • Secure CO2 storage is critical to public acceptance • Monitoring technology programs are being
developed for verification of storage.
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Acknowledgements
• ISEEE, University of Calgary • Carbon Management Canada • CREWES, University of Calgary. • Helen Isaac, Abdullah Alshuhail, Taher Sodagar • NSERC, AERI • PennWest Petroleum • Alberta Research Council (now AITF) • ARC Resources. • GG Veritas, Schlumberger, Divestco, Geoscout
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