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Capturing traits providing heat stress tolerance in wheat using precision phenotyping
Indu Sharma and Ratan TiwariDWR, Karnal, Haryana, India
3rd Int. Plant Phenotyping Symposium organized by MSSRF, Chennai,Session 1: Breeding for novel traits, 17.2.2014
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World’s population swells to ~ 9.6 billion in 2050
Global food demand to rise by ~ 14 % each decade
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More rainfall: Ladakh, Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra
Reduced rainfall: Gujarat, Orissa, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand
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72,15 68,64 69,35 75,81 78,57 80,68 80.80 86,87 94.88 92,460500100015002000250030003500
0
20
40
60
80
100
Area Production Yield
Area, Production and Yield of Wheat in India
Years showing dip in the yield due to climatic fluctuations
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Issues in Wheat growing zones
CZ: Drought & heatImproved varietiesBalanced fertilizerBrown & black rusts,foot rot & leaf blightFarm mechanization PZ: Drought and heat
Improved varietiesBalanced use of fertilizerBrown and black rustFarm mechanization
NWPZ: Yeld plateauYellow rustSoil health - residue managementImbalanced fertilizerGrain qualityMalt and feed quality of barley
NWPZ: Yeld plateauYellow rustSoil health - residue managementImbalanced fertilizerGrain qualityMalt and feed quality of barley NEPZ: Varietal replacement
Timely sowing & input availability Heat stress, salinity, waterloggingLeaf blightLack of irrigation facilitiesFarm mechanizationPoor marketing
NEPZ: Varietal replacementTimely sowing & input availability Heat stress, salinity, waterloggingLeaf blightLack of irrigation facilitiesFarm mechanizationPoor marketing
Stripe rustPowdery mildew
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Wheat improvement achieved:
Through Conventional Means
Present scenario:
Integration of molecular techniques
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New Approaches (Marker Intensive) :Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)Genomic or Genome Wide Selection (GS)
Marker Types:SNPsResequencing (Reference genome required)
Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing (GBS) ‐ Reference genome not essential
New Approaches and New Marker Types for Crop Improvement
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Genotyping is relatively fast; Genome sequencing advancing
Phenotyping is still time consuming & labour intensive
Technological advances essential for high throughput
phenotyping
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Phenotyping of wheat material for agronomic and yield traits in India based on:
Multilocation evaluation across diverse agroclimatic conditions
Sowing at different period from end Oct. to early Jan. at an interval of 15-20 days
Evaluation under irrigated and rainfed situations
Additionally, evaluation of wheat materials for biotic stresses:
under artificial inoculation conditions
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Diversity in Agroclimatic conditions In wheat growing zones
Central ZoneHot, semi‐arid, medium and deep black soil, growing period : 90‐150 days
Peninsular ZoneHot, arid, red and black soil, growing period <90 days
North Western Plains ZoneHot, semi‐arid region with alluvium derived soils, growing period : 90‐150 days
North Eastern Plains ZoneHot, sub‐humid, alluvium derived soil, growing period : 150‐180 days
Northern Hill ZoneWarm subhumid zone, brown forest Podzolic soilsGrowing period: 180‐210 days
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32.00C 12.30C 108d
30.90C 12.40C 114d
28.30C 13.80C 117d
27.00C 11.10C 137d
20.90C 5.30C 169d
Temperature variations from flowering and subsequent four weeks alongwith mean days to maturity of wheat across zones
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Creating Karnal bunt epiphytotics
Creating Rust epiphytotics
Screening facilities for biotic stress tolerance / resistance
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D.W.R Flowerdaled, Shimla, H.P
D.W.R Karnal
I.A.R.I , Wellington, T N
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Abiotic stresses mainly focussing:
For rain fed situations and “Heat”
Screening facilities developed in India
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Screening of germplasm for drought tolerance in wheat under AICW & BIP initiated
1977‐78:Formulation of National Drought Screening Nursery (NDTSN)
1984‐85:Constituted National Heat Tolerance Screening Nursery (NHTSN)
Since 2000‐2001:Efforts being made to identify superior genotypes for particular traits under heat stress
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Phytotron at IARI
Abiotic stresses: Screening facilities
Rainout Shelter (CAZRI, NBPGR, ICAR-NEH)
Micro-plot or screening of wheat genotypes under varying concentration of salt stress
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Phenotyping facilities for drought tolerance
Rainout shelter
Evaluating the performance of wheat genotypes for root traits
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New Initiatives towards precision phenotyping
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Phenotyping ‐ Overcoming Bottlenecks
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Quantifying stripe rust reaction in wheat using remote sensing based handheld NDVI sensor
NDVI computed from reflectance measurements in red (~660nm)& near infrared (around 780nm)portion of spectrum
Displays value in range of 0.00 to 0.99
Mean NDVI values : 0.64 to 0.76
Regression equation for Corrected NDVI vs AUDPC: NDVI=0.738 +‐7.061E‐5(AUDPC)t
Correlation (r2 ) value = 0.69
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A new precision planting equipment developed at the DWR
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• Hand Sowing• Precision ‐ 40.96
• Dibbling Method• Precision ‐ 83.71
• Drill Method • Precision ‐ 60.05
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Reduced Coefficient of Variation
Field Phenotyping: Emphasis on Enhanced precision
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Experiment planted at DWR using precision planting method
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Field Phenotyping‐DWR
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Precision planting Vs Conventional Sowing
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Precise phenotyping facility for heat tolerance
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Average daily temperature under Ambient and Controlled Phenotyping Facility(15th February to 18th March, 2013)
0,0
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rz
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rz
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TCPFAmb.
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Cluster analysis of 120 wheat genotypes using seven different yield traits
Terminal heat stress of 50C above ambient temperature
(under Temperature Controlled Phenotyping Facility)
Without heat stress (normal field conditions)
Heat sensitive genotypeHeat tolerant genotype
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TCPF Field TCPF Field
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Harvest Index
Comparative performance of contrasting genotypes under natural field and Temperature Controlled phenotyping conditions (TCPF)
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A land with several agro‐ecologies
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Trained Human resourcesand infrastructures
for phenotyping available
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Traits for better understanding of abiotic stress tolerance in Wheat
Root Architecture Early Vigor Carbon Isotope Discrimination Stomatal Conductance Canopy Temperature Flowering Time Abscisic Acid Concentration Osmotic Adjustment Chlorophyll Concentration, Stay-Green, and
Delayed Leaf Senescence Remobilization of stored assimilates Photosynthesis/Photorespiration Wax Estimation Pollen Viability
Root Architecture Early Vigor Carbon Isotope Discrimination Stomatal Conductance Canopy Temperature Flowering Time Abscisic Acid Concentration Osmotic Adjustment Chlorophyll Concentration, Stay-Green, and
Delayed Leaf Senescence Remobilization of stored assimilates Photosynthesis/Photorespiration Wax Estimation Pollen Viability
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Measuring Techniques Relevant for Drought and Salinity Research
Colour ImagingBiomass, Structure, PhenologyLeaf Health (Chlorosis, Necrosis)
Near Infrared ImagingTissue water contentSoil water content
Far Infrared ImagingCanopy/Leaf temperature
Fluorescence ImagingPhysiological state of photosynthetic machinery
Automated weighing & watering
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Additional Traits for Wheat Improvement
Biofortification Traits Grain Phytate concentration
Gluten Sensitivity (celiac disease) High Molecular Weight Glutenin(HMW‐GS) Low Molecular Weight Glutenin(LMW‐GS)
Pre‐harvest sprouting tolerance Falling Number(FN)
Salinity tolerance Na+/K+ Discrimination
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Strategy to enhance precision phenotyping for stress conditions
Screening of very large set of
genotypes
at hot spots requiring very
low input
Data acquisition in controlled
environment parameters
at specific crop stage but having bigger
plot size
Intensive multidimensional repeated data
acquisition taking few samples already identified through 1 & 2 ‐ Phenomics
1 2 3
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Finally accepting realities and raising the bar –
Precision Phenotyping
• Climate is changing: no doubts• Abiotic & Biotic stresses dynamic & influenced by climate• Phenotyping methods evolved and rapidly in recent past• Innovative precision phenotyping mechanism developedIndia: A potential hub for multidimensional precise phenotyping
Including suggested planting strategy for enhanced precision phenotyping for stress conditions
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Acknowledgements
• Ms. Manjeet Kaur
• Mr. Girish Ch. Pandey and Davinder Sharma
• Drs. Mamrutha H.M. and Sonia Sheoran
• Drs. Sewa Ram and MS Saharan
• Drs N.K. Singh and J. Rane
• Organizers of the 3rd IPPS and MS SwaminathanFoundation
• Indian Council of Agricultural Research
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Creating Karnal bunt epiphytotics
Creating Rust epiphytotics
Screening facilities for biotic stress tolerance / resistance
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D.W.R Flowerdaled, Shimla, H.P
D.W.R Karnal
I.A.R.I , Wellington, T N
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National Phytotron Facility established at IARI
Screening Facilities
Rainout Shelter (CAZRI, NBPGR, ICAR-NEH)
Micro-plot facility for screening of wheat genotypes under controlled conditions of salt stress
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Phenotyping facilities for drought tolerance
Rainout shelter
Evaluating the performance of wheat genotypes for morpho-physiological traits
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Heat ToleranceThe work on screening of germplasm for drought resistance in wheat under AICW & BIP was initiated during 1977‐78 with the formulation of ‘National Drought Screening Nurseries’
1984‐85 National Heat Tolerance Screening Nursery (NHTSN) was conducted
Since 2000‐2001 efforts are being made to identify superior genotypes for particular traits under heat stress
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Genotyping is relatively fast; Genome sequencing advancing
Phenotyping is still time consuming & labour intensive
Technological advances essential for high throughput
phenotyping
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New Approaches (Marker Intensive) :Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)Genomic or Genome Wide Selection (GS)
Marker Types:SNPsResequencing (Reference genome required)
Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing (GBS) ‐ Reference genome not essential
New Approaches and New Marker Types for Crop Improvement
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New Initiatives towards precision phenotyping
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Phenotyping ‐ Overcoming Bottlenecks
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Quantifying stripe rust reaction in wheat using remote sensing based handheld NDVI sensor
NDVI computed from reflectance measurements in red (~660nm)& near infrared (around 780nm)portion of spectrum
Displays value in range of 0.00 to 0.99
Mean NDVI values : 0.64 to 0.76
Regression equation for Corrected NDVI vs AUDPC: NDVI=0.738 +‐7.061E‐5(AUDPC)t
Correlation (r2 ) value = 0.69
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A new precision planting equipment developed at the DWR
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• Hand Sowing
• Precision –40.96
• Dibbling Method
• Precision‐83.71
• Drill Method
• Precision–60.05