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Prof. Kervin
CAPITULO 1.TECTNICA DE PLACA
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Distribution of Earthquakes Correlates to Major Physical/Tectonic Features Observe on
Surface of the Globe. Prof. Kervin Chunga, Ph.D.
GEOGRAFA DE TERREMOTOS
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TECTONICA DEPLACA
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Teoria de formacin de los continentes
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Plate TecThe theory of plate tectonics was first proposed byAlfred Wegener in 1910. Wegener noticed that theshorelines of the continents seemed to fit togetherlike the pieces of a giant jig saw puzzle.Wegeners theory stated:1) The continents were once all together in one
place forming a supercontinent, Pangea.2) The continents broke apart and drifted to their
present locations. Wegeners theory was not taken ser because no one could believe thalarge as continents could moveand Wegener could not propose a me
which could explain such motion
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If the continents were once together, we ought to be similar kinds of rocks in places that were once togethsince drifted apart.
If we believe that ararea B were once towe should find simiin these two locationtoday they are thous
apart.
Wegener himself investigated this possibility and fohe was able tocorrelate rock types from opposite sho
Rocks are a lot like fingerprints. The mineral conteof rock outcrops often identify them as unique.
Correlating rock types is a second piece of evidence.
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If we examined rocks from area A and found in them also found in area Bbut nowhere else, this would be powthat these two areas were once together forming a sing
It is important to chfossils carefully. Fiof organisms that lthe world would m
But if we could find the same fossils in areas A and exist nowhere else because they had a very limited ris even more powerful evidence that areas A and B wtogether.Correlating fossils f rom opposite shores is a third piece of evidence.
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Today plate tectonics and continental drift areaccepted as fWhy? Lets see the evidence!
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http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0010/PangeaUltima_scotese_big.jpghttp://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0010/PangeaUltima_scotese_big.jpg -
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http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0010/PangeaUltima_scotese_big.jpghttp://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/image/0010/PangeaUltima_scotese_big.jpg -
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Por qu se produce la ruptura de la corteza?
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Sea Floor SpreadingIf the continents are moving apart then the seas betwegetting wider. This is called sea floor spreading. How
this is true? First, a series of under-watercalledmid-ocean ridges is fouthe world. These mountains formed as new sea floor (bafrom magma that wellsup from the mantle below.
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ASCENSO DEL MAGMA Y CORRIENTE DE CONVENC
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ASCENSO DEL MAGMA PROVOCA ESFUERZO DE TCORTEZA OCENICA. ESTE ESFUERZO SE DIRECCESTE EN EL ECUADOR CONTINENTAL.
Because
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Becauseincreasethe insidis very h
the core becomeslowly rcooler rsurface
and sinkThis formsconvection currents just like those in our atmosphere
convection currents in the mantle circulate, they cause the continmove. What Wegener had no way of knowing is that theforce that is
tectonics isconvection currents in the mantl e.
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Teoria de Movimiento Interno
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As new sea floit pushes the olapart.
Proof that this found by lookiof the sea floor
New sea floor is found at the mid ocean ridge wheconstantly being added. As distance from the ridgein eidirection increases, so does the age of the rock.
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Global Distribution of Seismicity
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Global Distribution of Seismicity
Red-ShallowGreen - intermediate
Blue-deepest
Depth
GEOGRAFA DE TERREMOTOS
2 3 PLACAS TECTNICAS
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Types of Plate Boundaries:
Divergent
Convergent
Transform
2.3 PLACAS TECTNICAS
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Subducting Plate
DISTRIBUCCIN DE HOTSPOTSPUNTOS CALIENTES EN EL PL
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DISTRIBUCCIN DE HOTSPOTS PUNTOS CALIENTES EN EL PL
Hot Spot Volcanism
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p V
HAWAI
GALAPAGOS HOTSPOT
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GALAPAGOS HOTSPOT
YacimPolimNiqu
Formacin de cordillera submarina de Carnegie
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INTRODUCCINLOS TERREMOTO
ONDAS SSMICAS
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Dos tipos de ondas Onda P (compresionales)Viajan en slido, lquido y gas.
Velocidad en corteza es 6 Km/segVelocidad en agua es 1.5 Km/seg
Onda S (corte o cizalla)Viajan slo en slido.Velocidad en corteza es 3Km/segMovimiento hacia arriba abajo (corte lateral)
Cuando las Ondas P y S alcanzan la superficie se forman: Rayleigh (movimientos elpticos) Love (movimientos horizontales y transversales)
ONDAS SSMICAS
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A) O. Rayleigh vibran desde arriba hacia abajo, provocandesplazamientos elpticos de las partculas en el plano vertical
contenida la direccin de propagacin.B) O. Love los desplazamientos son horizontales y transversales alsentido de la direccin, no se propagan en el agua, daina para loscimientos.
A B
Ondas Superficiales
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Sismgrafo Horizontal y Vertical
Prof. Kervin Chunga, Ph.D.
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Sismograma
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2 5 L ti g th f th k
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2.5 Locating the source of earthquakes Locating the epicenter of an earthquake
A circle with a radius equal to the distance to theepicenter is drawn around each station
The point where all three circles intersect is theearthquake epicenter
2 5 Locating the source of earthquakes
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Prof. Kervin Chunga, Ph.D.
2.5 Locating the source of earthquakesLocating t he epicenter of an earthquake
A circle with a radius equal to thedistance to the epicenter is drawnaround each stationThe point where all three circlesintersect is the earthquakeepicenter
2 5 Locating the source of earthquakes
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Prof. Kervin Chunga, Ph.D.
2.5 Locating the source of earthquakesLocating t he epicenter of an earthquake
A circle with a radius equal to thedistance to the epicenter is drawnaround each stationThe point where all three circlesintersect is the earthquakeepicenter
2 5 Locating the source of earthquakes
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2.5 Locating the source of earthquakesLocating the epicenter of an earthquake
A circle with a radius equal to thedistance to the epicenter is drawnaround each stationThe point where all three circlesintersect is the earthquakeepicenter
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Localizacin de un terremoto
HIPOC
El punto en el cual la energa se libera, al interno de la tierra, se llamaHIPOCENTRO, su proyeccin a la superficie se llama elEPICENTRO.
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MEDICIN DE UNTERREMOTOINTENSIDADMACROSSMICA
MAGNITUD ACELERA
2 4 ESCALA DE MAGNITUD E INTENSIDAD
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Two measurements that describe the size of an earthquake are
Intensity a measure of the degree of earthquakeshaking at a given locale based on the amount ofdamage
Magnitude estimates the amount of energy releaseat the source of the earthquake
2.4 ESCALA DE MAGNITUD E INTENSIDADMACROSSMICA
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Measuring the size of earthqua
Magnitude scales Richter magnitude - concept introduced by Charl
Richter in 1935 Richter scale
Based on the amplitude of the largest seismic wave recorded Accounts for the decrease in wave amplitude with increased
distance
Magnitud (M)
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Magnitud (M)Diversas escalas de Magnitud: Para terremotos a 600 Km de distancia del sismografo se mide la amplitud de la
Ms (Surface Magnitude)
Los terremotos profundos tiende a producir menos ondas superficiales, por lMs tendera a sub-estimar la grandeza del terremoto: se miden por lo tanto la ampl Waves (frequencia di 1 Hz) mb (Body Wave Magnitude)
Ms grande es un terremoto ms baja es la frecuencia de la onda con una ampsismografos pierden sensibilidad por las frecuencias muy bajas, subestimando
terremotos ms fuertes.Se usa una Magnitud (Mw) dicha Moment Magnitude y que ha sido derivemprica de un orden de grandeza denominada Momento Sismico (Mo).
Mw = 2/3 Log Mo 10,7
Momento ssmico (Mo)
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Momento ssmico (Mo) Antes de la rotura a lo largo del plano de falla,la fuerza de corte que actual desde ambos ladosejercitan un Momento (Fuerza x Brazos, otambin F x 2b).
El Strain o Deformacin es d/2b
Mo = F. 2b
F = m . A . d/2b donde m = Modulo di Bulk Regidez (N/m2)
Mo =m . A . dDato m el Momes obtenido unpor parmetro
Momento ssmico (Mo)
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Momento ssmico (Mo)
Mo =m . A . d
Intensidad
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Una escala que mide la fuerza de un terremoto en bevaluacin de los efectos que est produce a las pe
las construcciones y el terreno.Datos macrossmicos: referible al rea en el cual el ssmo ha
Escala MCS (Mercalli Cancani Sieberg)Escala MSK (Medvedev, Spoheuer, Karnik)Escala ESI-2007 (Environment Seismic Intensity
Intensidad
Intensidad
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Se designa un grado deIntensidad (indicado ennmeros romanos) acualquier localidad y se trazanlneas lmites (ISOSISMAS)entre varias zonas en el que elsisma ha sido sentido conigual intensidad.
Intensidad
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The shortcomings of e
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The shortcomings of escales Why Intensevaluated using groun
Figure 3 : Seismic landscaSchematic block-diagramintermountain basins assocand M 7 (B) normal fau picture illustrates the tysedimentary, and paleoseis
to the repetition of the coover a geological time intsurface faulting parameterswidth, rupture area, vertshown. After Servaet al. , 200
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EFECTOS COSSMICO
GEOLGICOS CAUSADOTERREMOTO
Prof. Kervin Chunga, Ph.D.
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Terremotos y Riesgo Ssmdel Ecuador
Geodinmica y Tectnica del EcuadPlaca de Nazca Placa Sudamericana Bloque Nor And
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El Ecuador ocupa una posicinparticular desde el punto de vista de latectnica de placas (Graindorge et al.,2004; Harpp et al., 2005; Hey, 1977;Kanamori, 1982; Londsdale, 1978;Pennington, 1981; Sellars et al., 2003,2005), por cuanto comprende: (1) elpunto caliente de las Galpagos, (2) laadyacente dorsal ocenica o centro didivergencia que separa las placas deCocos y Nazca, (3) una zona desubduccin de corteza ocenica a travsde la cual, la placa de Nazca se subducedebajo del margen continentalconstituido por la placa Sudamericana y del Bloque Nor-Andino, y (4) una franjade deformacin continental conocidacomo Sistema Mayor Dextral, SMDFi ura 2
yPlaca de Nazca Placa Sudamericana Bloque Nor-And
3. Geodinmica y Tectnica del EcuPlaca de Nazca Placa Sudamericana Bloque Nor-And
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Modific
yPlaca de Nazca Placa Sudamericana Bloque Nor And
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(modifi cado porCosta et al., 2006).
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Fuente: Chun
REGISTROS DE TERREMOTOS SON AUSENTESEN EL SIGLO XVI Y XVII (ie. Wolf, 1872). PRIMERTERREMOTO DOCUMENTADO EN GUAYAQUIL
Registros sismosM>6
Registros Tsuna
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TERREMOTO DOCUMENTADO EN GUAYAQUIL11.06.1787 (VII
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En total, para elEcuador
continental, hansido documentados128 terremotoscrostales desde
1541-1998.
cros
2. Fallas activas y Fallas capaces (Eqs)compilacin de informacin histrica para Ecuador
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compilacin de informacin histrica para Ecuador
Sismicidad y ambientetectnico en Ecuador.
I zquierda, distribucinespacial de sismos
instrumentales con4M8.8. Derecha,cinemtica y tipo de
fallas capacescartografiada en el
territorio (Chunga et al.,
2010)
HACE 213 AOSDESCRIPCION DAOSEN TERRENO
2. Fallas activas y Fallas capaces (Eqs)compilacin de informacin histrica para Ecuador
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compilacin de informacin histrica para Ecuador
Sismicidad y ambientetectnico en Ecuador.
I zquierda, distribucinespacial de sismos
instrumentales con4M8.8. Derecha,cinemtica y tipo de
fallas capacescartografiada en el
territorio (Chunga et al.,
2010)
NO EXISTE UNA CLASIFICACION DESDE PUNTO DE VISTA DE LA PELIGROSIDAD S(1) FALLAS DE REPTACIN mm / 500 ao(2) FALLAS ACTIVAS cm / 500 aos(2
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220 segmentosde fallas
Para una regin interplaca comoconsiderar una falla como CPA potencial fuente ssmica de fuertdislocacin del terreno supericialltimos 30.000 aos, y/o si fuertinstrumentales (Mw > 6.0, I > Vcon la estructura identificada
Informacin de fallas han sido seleccionadas de datos de parmetrosestructurales proporcionados por Baldock (1984), Chunga et al. (2005, 2009),Dumont et al. (2005, 2006), Deniaud et al. (1999), Ego et al. (1996), Eguez etal. (2003), LRG (1986), Segovia & Alvarado (2009), Tibaldi et al. (2007),Winter et al (1 8 a 1 8 b 1 ) Witt et al (200 )
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Ref. (Slip Type): tipo di faglia, (N) faglia normale, (I) faglia inversa e di sovrascorrimento, (SSR):(SSL) faglia trascorrente sinistro, (ND) faglia non ben definita. (H) distanza ipocentrale. (MD): ma
stimato Livello daffidabilita: I: certa II: dedotta III: ipotetica [Chunga 2010]
DATABASE DE FALLAS
Anlisis de regresin lineal propuesta por Well & Coppersmith (1994) y aplicada a las
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Anlisis de regresin lineal propuesta por Well & Coppersmith (1994) y aplicada a las capaces del Ecuador
1
10
100
1000
5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8
Longitud de la Falla
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
5,5 6 6,5 7
Mximo
MwMw
mtKm
Database elaborado en este estudio: 320 fallascapaces en Ecuador. 37 fallas en territorio Peruano y 16 segmentos de fallas en territorio Colombiano.
RELACION EMPIRICA ENTREFALLA SUPERFICIAL Y MAGNITUD
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FALLA SUPERFICIAL Y MAGNITUD
Wells & Coppersmith (1994) database 421 terremotos
DESIGN EARTHQUAKE:
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DESIGN EARTHQUAKE:surface faulting and magnitude
4
5
6
7
8
9
M
o m e n t m a g n i t u d e ( M w
)
1 10 100Surface rupture length (km)
Data from Wells and Coppersmith(1994) (nil values filtered out)
MagnitudeSurfacerupture
(km)
Averagedeformation
(cm)
9.00 800 800
8.00 500
7.00 50 1006.00 10 20
5.00 3 5
4.00 1 2
250
SLIP RATES TIEMPO DE INTERVALO DE RECURRENCIA
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Slemmon
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Alta recurrencia ssmica entre abril1961 a marzo 1962, donde sereportaron al interior del Golfo deGuayaquil, cuatro [4] terremotos deconsiderables magnitudes en el ordende los 6 y 6.2
TERREMOTOS HISTRICOS ENEL GOLFO DE GUAYAQUIL
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04.02.1797 (M 6.8 a 7.1) INTE
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11.06.1787 (M 6.5 a 6.9)
INTE
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Chunga et al., 2012. Riesgos Geolgicos en el Golfo de Guayaquil.(Paper
EFECTOS DEL TERREMOTO DERIOBAMBA 1797
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EFECTOS DEL TERREMOTO DERIOBAMBA 1797
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