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Edited by:
Dr Gerard Lim Chin ChyeDr Sanjay Rampal
Dato’ Dr Halimah Yahaya
National Cancer Registry
Cancer Incidence inPeninsular Malaysia
2003-2005
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NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY ACKNOWLEDGESGRANTS FROM:
Ministry of Health, MalaysiaAND SUPPORT FROM:
Majl is Kanser NasionalNat ional Cancer Counci l
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Printing by : Konsep N
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Cancer Incidence inPeninsular Malaysia,
2003-2005
The Third Report of theNational Cancer Registry,
Malaysia
Edited by
Gerard Lim Chin Chye
Sanjay Rampal
Halimah Yahaya
National Cancer Registry
Ministry of Health Malaysia
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January 2008 © National Cancer Registry, Malaysia
Published by: National Cancer Registry
This report is copyrighted. However it may be freely reproduced without the permission of NCR. Acknowledgment would be appreciated and the suggested citation is:
The National Cancer Registry report is also published electronically on: Jabatan Kesihatan Awam, MOH : http://www.cancer.gov.myMAKNA : http://www.makna.org.myCollege of Radiology, Academy of Medicine : http://www.radiologymalaysia.orgCollege of Pathology, Academy of Medicine : http://www.acadmed.org.myMalaysian Oncological Society : http://www.malaysiaoncology.org
GCC Lim, S Rampal, Y Halimah (Eds). Cancer Incidence in Peninsular Malaysia,2003 - 2005. National Cancer Registry. Kuala Lumpur 2008.
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2003-2005
iCONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
CONTENTS i
CONTENTS i
ABBREVIATIONS xiii
FOREWORD BY THE MINISTER OF HEALTH, MALAYSIA 1
FOREWORD BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF HEALTH, MALAYSIA 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3
NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY PARTICIPATING CENTRES 4
ADVISORY COMMITTEE 8EXPERT PANEL 9
NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY UNIT 14
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 15
1.0 NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY 19
1.1 Background 19
1.2 Objectives 19
1.3 Operations of the National Cancer Registry 19
1.4 Sponsors Of The NCR 20
2.0 MALAYSIA AND ITS POPULATION 21
2.1 Geography 21
2.2 Population Of Peninsular Malaysia 22
2.3 Infrastructure 23 2.4 Socioeconomic Status 23
2.5 Health Status and Facilities 24
3.0 METHODS 25
3.1 Evaluation of the Quality of NCR Data 32
4.0 CANCER INCIDENCE IN MALAYSIA 2003-2005 38
4.1 Overall Cancer Incidence 38
4.2 Cancer Incidence by Site 40
4.3 Cancer Incidence by Site, Ethnicity and Sex 43
4.4 Cancer Incidence by Site, Age and Sex 45
5.0 SELECTED CANCER SITES 2003-2005 61
5.1 TONGUE (ICDO: C01-C02) 61 5.2 SALIVARY GLAND (ICDO: C07-C08) 64
5.3 MOUTH (ICDO: C03-C06) 67
5.4 NASOPHARYNX (ICDO: C11) 71
5.5 OESOPHAGUS (ICDO: C15) 77
5.6 STOMACH (ICDO: C16) 80
5.7 LARGE BOWEL (ICDO: C18-C21) 83
5.8 LIVER (ICDO: C22) 87
5.9 GALLBLADDER (ICDO: C23-C24) 90
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2003-2005
ii CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page
5.10 PANCREAS (ICDO: C25) 93
5.11 NOSE and SINUSES (ICDO: C30-C31) 99
5.12 LARYNX (ICDO: C32) 103
5.13 LUNG (ICDO: C33-C34) 106
5.14 BONE (ICDO: C40-C41) 111
5.15 OTHER SKIN 117
5.16 MELANOMA 120 5.17 FEMALE BREAST (ICDO: C50) 125
5.18 CERVIX UTERI (ICDO: C53) 131
5.19 CORPUS UTERI (ICDO: C54) 134
5.20 OVARY (ICDO: C56-C57) 137
5.21 PROSTATE (ICDO: C61) 143
5.22 BLADDER (ICDO: C67) 145
5.23 KIDNEY and OTHER URINARY ORGANS (ICDO: C64, C65, C66, C68) 148
5.24 BRAIN and OTHER NERVOUS SYSTEM (ICDO: C70-C72) 153
5.25 THYROID (ICDO: C73) 156
5.26 LYMPHOMA 161
5.26.1 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 164
5.26.2 Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma 166 5.27 LEUKAEMIA 171
5.27.1 Lymphatic Leukaemia 174
5.27.2 Myeloid Leukaemia 176
REFERENCES 179
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2003-2005
iiiCONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 2.2.1: Age, sex and ethnic distribution of the population of Peninsular Malaysia, 2004
23
Table 2.5.1: Perinatal, neonatal, infant and maternal mortality rate for Malaysia, 2004 24
Table 4.1.1: Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex, Malaysia 2003-2005
38
Table 4.1.2: Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) by age and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
38
Table 4.1.3: Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
39
Table 4.1.4: Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
39
Table 4.2.1: Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by site and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
41
Table 5.1.1: Tongue Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
61
Table 5.1.2: Tongue Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
61
Table 5.1.3: Number of Tongue cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 62
Table 5.1.4: Number (%) of Tongue cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
62
Table 5.2.1: Salivary Gland Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
64
Table 5.2.2: Salivary Gland Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
64
Table 5.2.3: Number (%) of Salivary Gland cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
65
Table 5.2.4: Number of Salivary Gland cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
66
Table 5.3.1: Mouth Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
67
Table 5.3.2: Mouth Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
67
Table 5.3.3: Number of Mouth cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 68
Table 5.3.4: Number (%) of Mouth cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
69
Table 2.4.1: Malaysia: Percentage Distribution of Employed Persons by Occupation 23
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2003-2005
iv CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 5.4.1: Nasopharynx Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
71
Table 5.4.2: Nasopharynx Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
71
Table 5.5.1: Oesophagus Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
77
Table 5.5.2: Oesophagus Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
77
Table 5.5.3: Number of Oesophagus cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 78
Table 5.5.4: Number (%) of Oesophagus cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
78
Table 5.6.1: Stomach Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
80
Table 5.6.2: Stomach Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
80
Table 5.6.3: Number of Stomach cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 81Table 5.6.4: Number (%) of Stomach cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-
200581
Table 5.7.1: Large Bowel Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
83
Table 5.7.2: Large Bowel Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
83
Table 5.7.3: Number of Large Bowel cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 84
Table 5.7.4: Number (%) of Large Bowel cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
85
Table 5.8.1: Liver Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
87
Table 5.8.2: Liver Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
87
Table 5.8.3: Number (%) of Liver cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
88
Table 5.9.1: Gallbladder Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
90
Table 5.9.2: Gallbladder Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
90
Table 5.9.3: Number of Gallbladder cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 91
Table 5.9.4: Number (%) of Gallbladder cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
91
Table 5.10.1: Pancreas Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
93
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2003-2005
vCONTENTS
v
LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 5.10.2: Pancreas Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
93
Table 5.10.3: Number of Pancreas cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 94
Table 5.10.4: Number (%) of Pancreas cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
94
Table 5.11.1: Nose and Sinuses Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
99
Table 5.11.2: Nose and Sinuses Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
99
Table 5.11.3: Number of Nose and Sinuses cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
100
Table 5.11.4: Number (%) of Nose and Sinuses cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
101
Table 5.12.1: Larynx Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
103
Table 5.12.2: Larynx Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
103
Table 5.12.3: Number of Larynx cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 104
Table 5.12.4: Number (%) of Larynx cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
104
Table 5.13.1: Lung Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
106
Table 5.13.2: Lung Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
106
Table 5.13.3: Number of Lung cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 107
Table 5.13.4: Number (%) of Lung cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
107
Table 5.14.1: Bone Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
111
Table 5.14.2: Bone Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
111
Table 5.14.3: Number of Bone cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 112
Table 5.14.4: Number (%) of Bone cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
113
Table 5.15.1: Other Skin Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
117
Table 5.15.2: Other Skin Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
117
Table 5.15.3: Number of Other Skin cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 118
Table 5.15.4: Ten most common of Other Skin cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
118
v
LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 5.10.2: Pancreas Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
93
Table 5.10.3: Number of Pancreas cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 94
Table 5.10.4: Number (%) of Pancreas cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
94
Table 5.11.1: Nose and Sinuses Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
99
Table 5.11.2: Nose and Sinuses Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
99
Table 5.11.3: Number of Nose and Sinuses cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
100
Table 5.11.4: Number (%) of Nose and Sinuses cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
101
Table 5.12.1: Larynx Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
103
Table 5.12.2: Larynx Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
103
Table 5.12.3: Number of Larynx cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 104
Table 5.12.4: Number (%) of Larynx cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
104
Table 5.13.1: Lung Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
106
Table 5.13.2: Lung Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
106
Table 5.13.3: Number of Lung cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 107
Table 5.13.4: Number (%) of Lung cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
107
Table 5.14.1: Bone Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
111
Table 5.14.2: Bone Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
111
Table 5.14.3: Number of Bone cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 112
Table 5.14.4: Number (%) of Bone cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
113
Table 5.15.1: Other Skin Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
117
Table 5.15.2: Other Skin Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
117
Table 5.15.3: Number of Other Skin cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 118
Table 5.15.4: Ten most common of Other Skin cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
118
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2003-2005
v� CONTENTS
vi
LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 5.16.1: Melanoma Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
120
Table 5.16.2: Melanoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
120
Table 5.16.3: Number of Melanoma cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 121
Table 5.17.1: Female Breast Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
125
Table 5.17.2: Female Breast Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
125
Table 5.17.3: Number (%) of Female Breast cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
126
Table 5.18.1: Cervix Uteri Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
131
Table 5.18.2: Cervix Uteri Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
131
Table 5.18.3: Number (%) of Cervix Uteri cases by morphology (WHO), Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
132
Table 5.19.1: Corpus Uteri Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
134
Table 5.19.2: Corpus Uteri Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
134
Table 5.19.3: Number (%) of Corpus Uteri cases by morphology (WHO), Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
135
Table 5.20.1: Ovary Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
137
Table 5.20.2: Ovary Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
137
Table 5.20.3: Number (%) of Ovary cases by morphology (WHO), Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
139
Table 5.21.1: Prostate Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
143
Table 5.21.2: Prostate Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
143
Table 5.21.3: Number (%) of Prostate cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
144
Table 5.22.1: Bladder Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
145
Table 5.22.2: Bladder Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
145
vi
LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 5.16.1: Melanoma Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
120
Table 5.16.2: Melanoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
120
Table 5.16.3: Number of Melanoma cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 121
Table 5.17.1: Female Breast Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
125
Table 5.17.2: Female Breast Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
125
Table 5.17.3: Number (%) of Female Breast cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
126
Table 5.18.1: Cervix Uteri Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
131
Table 5.18.2: Cervix Uteri Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
131
Table 5.18.3: Number (%) of Cervix Uteri cases by morphology (WHO), Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
132
Table 5.19.1: Corpus Uteri Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
134
Table 5.19.2: Corpus Uteri Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
134
Table 5.19.3: Number (%) of Corpus Uteri cases by morphology (WHO), Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
135
Table 5.20.1: Ovary Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
137
Table 5.20.2: Ovary Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
137
Table 5.20.3: Number (%) of Ovary cases by morphology (WHO), Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
139
Table 5.21.1: Prostate Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
143
Table 5.21.2: Prostate Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
143
Table 5.21.3: Number (%) of Prostate cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
144
Table 5.22.1: Bladder Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
145
Table 5.22.2: Bladder Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
145
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2003-2005
v��CONTENTS
vii
LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 5.22.3: Number (%) of Bladder cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
146
Table 5.23.1: Kidney and Other Urinary Organs Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
148
Table 5.23.2: Kidney and Other Urinary Organs Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
148
Table 5.23.3: Number of Kidney and Other Urinary Organs cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
149
Table 5.23.4: Number (%) of Kidney and Other Urinary Organs cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
149
Table 5.24.1: Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
153
Table 5.24.2: Brain and Other Nervous System Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
153
Table 5.24.3: Number of Brain and Other Nervous System cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
154
Table 5.24.4: Number (%) of Brain and Other Nervous System cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
154
Table 5.25.1: Thyroid Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
156
Table 5.25.2: Thyroid Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
156
Table 5.25.3: Number (%) of Thyroid cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
157
Table 5.26.1: Lymphoma Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
161
Table 5.26.2: Lymphoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
161
Table 5.26.3: Number of Lymphoma cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 162
Table 5.26.4: Number (%) of Lymphoma cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
163
Table 5.26.1.1: Hodgkin Lymphoma Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
164
Table 5.26.1.2: Hodgkin Lymphoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
164
Table 5.26.2.1: Non Hodgkin Lymphoma Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
166
Table 5.26.2.2: Non Hodgkin Lymphoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
166
vii
LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 5.22.3: Number (%) of Bladder cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
146
Table 5.23.1: Kidney and Other Urinary Organs Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
148
Table 5.23.2: Kidney and Other Urinary Organs Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
148
Table 5.23.3: Number of Kidney and Other Urinary Organs cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
149
Table 5.23.4: Number (%) of Kidney and Other Urinary Organs cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
149
Table 5.24.1: Brain and Other Nervous System Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
153
Table 5.24.2: Brain and Other Nervous System Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
153
Table 5.24.3: Number of Brain and Other Nervous System cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
154
Table 5.24.4: Number (%) of Brain and Other Nervous System cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
154
Table 5.25.1: Thyroid Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
156
Table 5.25.2: Thyroid Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
156
Table 5.25.3: Number (%) of Thyroid cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
157
Table 5.26.1: Lymphoma Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
161
Table 5.26.2: Lymphoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
161
Table 5.26.3: Number of Lymphoma cases by subsite, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 162
Table 5.26.4: Number (%) of Lymphoma cases by morphology, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
163
Table 5.26.1.1: Hodgkin Lymphoma Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
164
Table 5.26.1.2: Hodgkin Lymphoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
164
Table 5.26.2.1: Non Hodgkin Lymphoma Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
166
Table 5.26.2.2: Non Hodgkin Lymphoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
166
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v��� CONTENTS
viii
LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 5.27.1: Leukaemia Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
171
Table 5.27.2: Leukaemia Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
171
Table 5.27.1.1: Lymphatic Leukaemia Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
174
Table 5.27.1.2: Lymphatic Leukaemia Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
174
Table 5.27.2.1: Myeloid Leukaemia Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
176
Table 5.27.2.2: Myeloid Leukaemia Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
176
viii
LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 5.27.1: Leukaemia Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
171
Table 5.27.2: Leukaemia Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
171
Table 5.27.1.1: Lymphatic Leukaemia Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
174
Table 5.27.1.2: Lymphatic Leukaemia Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
174
Table 5.27.2.1: Myeloid Leukaemia Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population (CR) and Age-standardized incidence (ASR), by sex and ethnicity, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
176
Table 5.27.2.2: Myeloid Leukaemia Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
176
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ixCONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 2.2.1: Age and sex distribution of the population of Peninsular Malaysia 2004 22
Figure 2.2.2: Ethnicity in Peninsular Malaysia, 2004 22
Figure 2.5.1: Most common causes of death in Malaysia government hospitals, 2003-2005
24
Figure 3.1: Flow Chart for Overall Operations of the NCR 25
Figure 3.2: Flow Chart for Receiving data 27
Figure 3.3: Flow Chart for Data Management Process 28Figure 4.2: Ten most frequent cancers, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 40
Figure 4.2.1(a): Ten most frequent cancers in males, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 40
Figure 4.2.1(b): Ten most frequent cancers in females, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005 40
Figure 4.3.1(a): Ten most frequent cancers in males by ethnic groups, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
43
Figure 4.3.1(b): Ten most frequent cancers in females by ethnic groups, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
44
Figure 4.4.1(a): Ten most frequent cancers in males by age groups, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
45
Figure 4.4.1(b): Ten most frequent cancers in females by age groups, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
46
Figure 5.1.1: Tongue Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
62
Figure 5.1.2: Tongue International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
63
Figure 5.2.1: Salivary Gland Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
65
Figure 5.2.2: Salivary Gland International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
66
Figure 5.3.1: Mouth Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
68
Figure 5.3.2: Mouth International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
70
Figure 5.4.1: Nasopharynx Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
72
Figure 5.4.2: Nasopharynx International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
73
Figure 5.5.1: Oesophagus Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
78
Figure 5.5.2: Oesophagus International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
79
Figure 5.6.1: Stomach Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
81
Figure 5.6.2: Stomach International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
82
Figure 5.7.1: Large Bowel Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
84
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x CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 5.7.2: Large Bowel International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
86
Figure 5.8.1: Liver Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
88
Figure 5.8.2: Liver International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
89
Figure 5.9.1: Gallbladder Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
91
Figure 5.9.2: Gallbladder International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
92
Figure 5.10.1: Pancreas Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
94
Figure 5.10.2: Pancreas International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
95
Figure 5.11.1: Nose and Sinuses Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
100
Figure 5.11.2: Nose and Sinuses International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
102
Figure 5.12.1: Larynx Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
104
Figure 5.12.2: Larynx International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
105
Figure 5.13.1: Lung Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
107
Figure 5.13.2: Lung International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
108
Figure 5.14.1: Bone Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
112
Figure 5.14.2: Bone International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
114
Figure 5.15.1: Other Skin Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
118
Figure 5.15.2: Other Skin International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
119
Figure 5.16.1: Melanoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
121
Figure 5.16.2: Melanoma International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
122
Figure 5.17.1: Female Breast Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
127
Figure 5.17.2: Female Breast International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
127
Figure 5.18.1: Cervix Uteri Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
132
Figure 5.18.2: Cervix Uteri International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
133
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x�CONTENTS
xi
LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 5.19.1: Corpus Uteri Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
135
Figure 5.19.2: Corpus Uteri International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
136
Figure 5.20.1: Ovary Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
138
Figure 5.20.2: Ovary International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
138
Figure 5.21.1: Prostate Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
144
Figure 5.21.2: Prostate International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
144
Figure 5.22.1: Bladder Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
146
Figure 5.22.2: Bladder International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
147
Figure 5.23.1: Kidney and Other Urinary Organs Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
150
Figure 5.23.2: Kidney and Other Urinary Organs Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
150
Figure 5.24.1: Brain and Other Nervous System Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
155
Figure 5.24.2: Brain and Other Nervous System International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
155
Figure 5.25.1: Thyroid Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
157
Figure 5.25.2: Thyroid International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
158
Figure 5.26.1: Lymphoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
162
Figure 5.26.1.1: Hodgkin Lymphoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
164
Figure 5.26.1.2: Hodgkin Lymphoma International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
165
Figure 5.26.2.1: Non Hodgkin Lymphoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
166
Figure 5.26.2.2: Non Hodgkin Lymphoma International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
167
Figure: 5.27.1 Leukaemia Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
172
Figure: 5.27.2 Leukaemia International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
173
xi
LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 5.19.1: Corpus Uteri Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
135
Figure 5.19.2: Corpus Uteri International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
136
Figure 5.20.1: Ovary Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
138
Figure 5.20.2: Ovary International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
138
Figure 5.21.1: Prostate Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
144
Figure 5.21.2: Prostate International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
144
Figure 5.22.1: Bladder Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
146
Figure 5.22.2: Bladder International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
147
Figure 5.23.1: Kidney and Other Urinary Organs Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
150
Figure 5.23.2: Kidney and Other Urinary Organs Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population, by ethnicity and sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
150
Figure 5.24.1: Brain and Other Nervous System Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
155
Figure 5.24.2: Brain and Other Nervous System International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
155
Figure 5.25.1: Thyroid Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
157
Figure 5.25.2: Thyroid International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
158
Figure 5.26.1: Lymphoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
162
Figure 5.26.1.1: Hodgkin Lymphoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
164
Figure 5.26.1.2: Hodgkin Lymphoma International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
165
Figure 5.26.2.1: Non Hodgkin Lymphoma Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
166
Figure 5.26.2.2: Non Hodgkin Lymphoma International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
167
Figure: 5.27.1 Leukaemia Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
172
Figure: 5.27.2 Leukaemia International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
173
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x�� CONTENTS
xii
LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 5.27.1.1: Lymphatic Leukaemia Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
175
Figure: 2.27.1.2: Lymphoid Leukaemia International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
175
Figure 5.27.2.1: Myeloid Leukaemia Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
177
Figure: 2.27.2.2: Myeloid Leukaemia International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
178
xii
LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 5.27.1.1: Lymphatic Leukaemia Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
175
Figure: 2.27.1.2: Lymphoid Leukaemia International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
175
Figure 5.27.2.1: Myeloid Leukaemia Age specific Cancer Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
177
Figure: 2.27.2.2: Myeloid Leukaemia International comparisons – Age-standardized Incidence per 100,000 population by sex, Peninsular Malaysia 2003-2005
178
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x���ABBREVIATIONS
xiii
Abbreviations
ASR Age-standardized Incidence Rate
CR Crude Incidence Rate
CRC Clinical Research Centre
CRU Cancer Registry Unit
CumR Cumulative Risk
HMIS Hospital Management Information System
IACR International Association of Cancer Registry
IARC International Agency for Cancer Research
IC Identification Card
ICD International Classification of Disease, WHO
ICD -10 International Classification of Diseases 10th Edition
ICD-O International Classification of Disease for Oncology, WHO
MOH Ministry of Health, Malaysia
NCR National Cancer Registry
QC Quality Control
SDP Source Data Provider or Producer
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
USA United States of America
WHO World Health Organization
NSCLC Non Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
xiii
Abbreviations
ASR Age-standardized Incidence Rate
CR Crude Incidence Rate
CRC Clinical Research Centre
CRU Cancer Registry Unit
CumR Cumulative Risk
HMIS Hospital Management Information System
IACR International Association of Cancer Registry
IARC International Agency for Cancer Research
IC Identification Card
ICD International Classification of Disease, WHO
ICD -10 International Classification of Diseases 10th Edition
ICD-O International Classification of Disease for Oncology, WHO
MOH Ministry of Health, Malaysia
NCR National Cancer Registry
QC Quality Control
SDP Source Data Provider or Producer
SOP Standard Operating Procedure
USA United States of America
WHO World Health Organization
NSCLC Non Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
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x�v
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1FOREWORD BY THE MINISTER OF HEALTH, MALAYSIA
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2 FOREWORD BY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF HEALTH, MALAYSIA
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�ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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� NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY PARTICIPATING CENTRES
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�NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY PARTICIPATING CENTRES
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� NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY PARTICIPATING CENTRES
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�NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY PARTICIPATING CENTRES
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� ADVISORY COMMITTEE
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�EXPERT PANEL
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�0 EXPERT PANEL
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��EXPERT PANEL
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�� EXPERT PANEL
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��EXPERT PANEL
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�� NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY UNIT
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��EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TheThirdReportoftheNCRdescribesthemorbidityburdenofcancerfrom1stJanuary2003to31stDecember2005.Thisreportismainlyadescriptivereportofthedatacollectedfortheaboveperiodtogetherwithadetailedanalysisoftopographyandmorphology,interpretationandcomparisonofthesaiddata.In 2003, 2004 and 2005, NCRreceived 42,963, 48,549 and 46,048 notifications respectively fromvarious hospitals, laboratories and clinics, both public and private, making a total of 137,560notifications. This report includes 75,735 incident cases from the whole of Malaysia with 67,792incidentcasesreportedfromPeninsularMalaysia.This report has the advantage of a large source population that produces precise incidenceestimates.Asummaryofthedataforthewholecountry(PeninsularandEastMalaysia)ispresentedinTable4.1.1.However,thedetailedanalysis ispresentedforPeninsularMalaysia.Welimitedthepresentation of the detailed analyses, as the ascertainment rate for Peninsular is more confidentlydetermined. The information derived from this report is representative of the cancer burden toMalaysianslivinginPeninsularMalaysia.In this report, comparisons between groups within and outside the country were based on AgeSpecificRatesinordertoovercomethepossibleextraneouseffectofdifferencesinagecompositionofthevariousgroups.Femalebreast cancer ispresentedon itsownas in previous reportswhilenoting thatmalebreastcancer contributeda further257cases.The figures forbonecancer, livercancerandbrain cancerwerecomparabletointernationalfigures,thusreflectingthequalityoftheexpertinput,asmetastasestothesesiteswereconsciouslyexcludedfrombeingreportedasprimarytumoursfromthesesites.Themaincontributorsof thedata, theSourceDataProviders (SDP)has increasedover theyears.ThetotalnumberofactiveSDPsincreasedfrom141in2002to193in2005.However,somecancersmay still be underreported even though the numbers of SDPs had been increased to includeradiologists,chestphysicians,surgeons,gastroenterologists.A totalof 67,792newcancers caseswerediagnosedamongMalaysians inPeninsularMalaysia intheyears20032005,comprising29,596males (43.7%)and38,196 females (56.3%).Theannualcruderateformaleswas100.2per100,000populationand132.1per100,000forfemales;whereasthe age standardized incidence rate for all cancers was 136.9 per 100,000 males, and 156.4 per100,000females.In comparison with the second NCR report for 2003, the figures for this report were similar. Forinstance,ethnicvariationsweresimilartotheNCRSecondReport2003.Overall,thisreportshowedthattheChinesepopulationhadthehighestCRof174.1per100,000malesand218.1per100,000females. This was followed by the Indians who had CR of 89.6 per 100,000 males and 150.7 per100,000 females. The Malays had relatively lower CR of 60.2 per 100,000 males and 82.6 per100,000females.A similar ethnic variation was seen in the Penang Cancer Registry Report 1999 2003. In thePenangReport,theChinesehadaCRof169.2per100,000malesand217.7per100,000females;followedbytheIndianswithaCRof85.7per100,000malesand147.2per100,000females;withtheMalayshavingaCRof60.6per100,000malesand79.0per100,000females.In this report, the cumulative lifetime risk forMalaysians in Peninsular Malaysiadeveloping cancerwas14.8%formalesand15.9%forfemales.Thistranslatestoanestimatedriskof1in7males,and1in6femalesdevelopingcancerintheirlifetime.
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�� EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
16
In this third report, cancers from the colon and rectum are grouped together as coming from onecancer site. This is to standardize the report for comparison to other national and internationalreports.Themostfrequentcancer inMalaysianswasbreastcancer(18.0%)followedby largebowelcancer(11.9%)andlungcancer(7.4%).ThetenmostfrequentcancersinmalesandfemalesarepresentedinFigures4.2.1(a)and4.2.1(b)andtheaccompanyingtables.Amongst males, large bowel cancer (14.5%; ASR20.9)was the most frequent cancer followed bycancersof the lung (12.2%;ASR18.1),nasopharynx (7.8%;ASR9.2),prostate (7.3%;ASR12.0),leukaemia (6.5%;ASR7.0)and lymphoma (6.2%;ASR7.7). In females, themost frequent cancerwas breast cancer (31.3%; ASR 47.4), followed by cancers of the cervix uteri (10.6%; ASR 16.1),largebowel(9.9%;ASR16.8),ovary(4.3%;ASR6.4), leukaemia(3.7%;ASR5.2)and lung(3.6%;ASR6.2).Generally, the incidence of cancers was reported more in males than females in most countries.However themale to female (M:F) sex ratio in this reportwas1: 1.3.A similar trendwasnoted inearlierNCRreports.Consistentwithotherregionalregistries,therewaspredominanceoffemalestomalesincancersofthethyroidasseenbyaM:Fratioof1:3.ThevariationofthetenmostfrequentcancerincidencebysexandmajorethnicgroupsisshowninFigure 4.3.1(a) and 4.3.1(b) and the accompanying tables. Overall, this report showed that theChinesehadsignificantlyhigherASRper100,000populationof182.9(males)and201.5(females),comparedwith the Indians (ASRof134.4 inmalesand186.3 in females)and theMalays (ASRof89.6 in males and 106.4 in females). The following estimates of cancers are presented as aproportiontothetotalsubgroupandasanASRper100,000populationforcomparisonpuposes.AmongstMalaymales,largebowelcancer(12.6%;ASR12.3)wasthemostcommoncancerfollowedby leukaemia (11.2%; ASR 7.2), lung cancer (11.1%; ASR 11.2), lymphoma (9.0%; ASR 7.4) andprostatecancer(6.6%;ASR7.7).Large bowel cancer was also the leading cause of cancer in Chinese males (16.9%; ASR 31.5)followedbycancersofthelung(14.2%;ASR26.8),nasopharynx(10.7%;ASR17.0),prostate(7.8%;ASR15.8)andstomach(5.9%;ASR11.3).In Indian males, the most frequent cancers were large bowel (11.5%; ASR 15.7), prostate (8.7%;ASR14.8),stomach(8.0%;ASR11.9),lung(7.0%;ASR9.9)andlymphoma(6.4%;ASR6.9)The most frequent cancers for Malay females are cancers of the breast (33.6%; ASR 34.9), largebowel(8.2%;ASR9.7),cervixuteri(8.1%;ASR8.7),Leukaemia(6.0%;ASR5.3)andovary(5.0%;ASR5.2).In theChinese females, themost frequentcancerswerecancersof thebreast (30.3%;ASR59.9),largebowel(12.8%;ASR26.2),cervixuteri(11.8%;ASR23.2),lung(5.1%;ASR10.6)andstomach(3.8%;ASR7.7).AmongsttheIndianfemalesbreastcancer(31.2%;ASR54.2)wasfollowedbycancersofthecervixuteri(8.8%;ASR16.4),mouth(6.5%;ASR14.5),largebowel(6.3%;ASR12.9)andcorpusuteri(4.0%;ASR8.0).
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��EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
For most tumour sites, Chinese had the highest ASR except for the following cancers: lymphoma(ASR highest in Malay males and females); lymphatic leukemia (ASR highest in Malay and Indianmales,andMalayfemales);myeloidleukemia(ASRhighest inMalaymales,Indianfemales); larynx(highestinIndianmalesandfemales);mouth(highestinIndianmalesandfemales);tongue(highestin Indianmalesand females);oesophagus (highest in Indianmalesand females);bone (highest inIndianfemales);corpusuteri(highestinIndianfemales);brainandnervoussystem(highestinIndianfemales),thyroid(highestinMalaymales).In tumour sites not mentioned in the previous paragraph, Malays had the lowest ASR among themajorethnicgroups.Forstomachcancer,Malaymalesand femaleshadan incidencemuch lowerthantheothermajorethnicgroups.Inthemouth,Chinesehadthe lowestamongfemales,althoughamongmalestheMalayshadthelowestASR.InNasopharyngealcancer,IndianmalesandfemaleshadthelowestASR.Theother surprising finding in this reportwas thehigh ranking of leukemiaamongstMalay Males.However,thiswasconsistentwiththeKelantanCancerRegistryReport19992003wherebyleukemiawas the third most frequent cancer among all Males, and second highest among Malay Males.Bycontrast, in the Penang Cancer Registry 19992003, leukemia featured eighth among males andeighthamongfemales.An unexpected finding is that prostate cancer was the secondmost common cancer in Indianmales.ProstatecancerrankedfourthamongmalecancersinMalaysia.Interestingly,theagespecificincidencerateinChinese(ASR15.8)andIndians(ASR14.8)inMalaysiawerehigherthanthoseinTaiwan(ASR11.9),HongKong(ASR8.6)andMumbai(ASR7.4).ThisfindingforMalaysianIndianmales could be due to chance variation in a smaller sample compared to the other major ethnicgroups.However, inSingapore Indians, thenumbersof cases reported for lungandprostatewerevery close (68and65 respectively),with the ASR for these twoorgansbeing 10.0and9.9 in thispopulation inSingapore.TheASRforprostatecancer inMalaysianIndians(14.8per100,000)washigher than that reported for Indians in the Singapore Cancer Registry and various other IndianCancerRegistries.ThevariationincancerincidencebyageandsexispresentedinFigures4.4.1(a)and4.4.1(b)andindetailintheaccompanyingtable.ThefollowingestimatesofcancersarepresentedasaproportiontothetotalsubgroupandasCRper100,000populationforcomparison.Themostfrequentcancersinmalechildrenchildren(014years)wereleukaemias(47.6%,CR7.7),braincancers (11.2%,CR1.8), lymphomas(9.5%,CR1.5),cancerofkidneys(3.9%,;CR0.6)andthebones(3.7%;CR0.6).Similarly, in female children aged 014 years, the most frequent cancers are leukemia(45.4%; CR5.8),brain(13.3%;CR1.7),lymphoma(6.2%,CR0.8),bones(4.3%;CR0.5)andkidneys(3.6%;CR0.5).In the age group of young male adults (1549 years old), the common cancers were nasopharynx(15.9%;CR7.7), largebowel (10.7%,CR5.2), lymphomas (9.6%;CR4.7), leukaemias (9.2%;CR4.4)andlung(6.6%;CR3.2).Inwomenaged1549years,thecommoncancerswerebreast(39.1%;CR37.8),cervixuteri(13.5%;CR13.1),largebowel(5.4%;CR5.3),ovary(5.2%;CR5.1)andthyroid(4.9%;CR4.7).In older subjects (50 69 years), cancers of the large bowel (16.6%; CR 63.4), lung (15.4%; CR58.7), prostate (7.2%; CR 27.3), nasopharynx (7.1%; CR 27.2) and lymphoma (5.3%; CR 20.0)predominatedinmen.Whereasthemostfrequentcancerinwomenaged5069werebreast(31.9%,CR149.3), largebowel(11.1%;CR52.0),cervixuteri (10.1%;CR47.1), lung(4.5%;CR20.9)andcorpusuteri(4.5%;CR20.9).
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Intheoldestgroup(aged≥70years),themostcommoncancersinmenwerelargebowel(17.4%:CR177.2),prostate(16.5%:CR167.7), lung(14.6%:CR147.6),stomach(7.3%:CR74.4)andbladder(5.3%: CR 54.3). While in women aged ≥ 70 years, the most frequent cancers were large bowel(20.0%;CR133.7),breast (15.7%;CR105.1), cervixuteri (6.9%;CR46.2), lung (6.6%;CR44.2),stomach(6.3%;CR42.5).
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��NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY
TheMalaysianNationalCancerRegistry(NCR)isaservicesupportedbyMinistryofHealth,Malaysia(MOH)tocollectinformationaboutcancerincidenceinMalaysia.Thisinformationisvitalinplanningandevaluationofcancerservicesbythegovernementalagencies,NonGovernementalOrganizations(NGO),privateprovidersandtheindustry.InNovember2001,theHonorableMinisterofHealthMalaysiadirectedtheClinicalResearchCentre(CRC) to establishaNationalCancerRegistry (NCR).Following thisdirective, theNCR’sSponsorGroupwasformed.ThemembershipcomprisedofOncologist,Pathologist,Haematologist,PaediatricOncologist,HeadoftheCancerResearchCentreintheInstituteofMedicalResearch,DirectoroftheDiseaseControlDivisionand theDirectorof theMedicalDevelopmentDivision. InApril 2002, theNCR obtained approval from the Director General of Health to setup its operations and wassubsequentlyawardedaMedicalResearchGrantgrantinJune2002bytheDeputyDirectorGeneralofHealth(Research&TechSupport).Administratively, the NCR began as one of the seven clinical registries under the umbrella of theClinicalResearchCentre,MinistryofHealth. In2005,astheregistry ‘matured’ theadministrationofthe registry was handed over to the Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Hospital KualaLumpur. In response to the call by the Director General of Health for a single Cancer Registry inMalaysia,theDivisionofPublicHealth(DPH)hastakenoverthemanagementoftheNCRfrom2007onwards.This is timelyas theDPH is in themidstofexpanding itscancer registrationsystematanationallevel.Itishopedthatwithasinglemanagementsystem,theregionalregistriesalongwiththenational registry would be able to produce national data more effectively and efficiently. This willprovidethemuchneededimpetusforfurtherdevelopmentofcancerprogrammesandinitiatives.TheobjectivesofNationalCancerRegistryareto:1. Determine the disease burden attributable to cancer by quantifying the magnitude of cancer morbidityandmortality,anditsgeographicandtemporaltrendsinMalaysia.2. Identify subgroups in the population at high risk of cancer to whom cancer prevention effort shouldbetargeted.3. Stimulate and facilitate epidemiological research on cancer with respect to cancer etiology, diagnosisandprognosis.4. Evaluatecancertreatment,controlandpreventionprogramme.TheNCRreceiveddatavoluntarilyoncancerincidencemainlyfromindividualdoctorswhoprovidedcancer diagnostic services or who cared for cancer patients. Information on cancer incidence wasalsoextractedusingthetheMinistryofHealth’sHospitalInformationSystem.
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ThedaytodayoperationsoftheNCRcanbecategorizedastwoessentialcomponents:a. These are the daytoday administration, site and data management operationsofaRegistry.Itentailsgeneraladministrationoftheregistry,initiatingandmaintaining siteparticipationintheregistry,dataacquisition,datastorage,dataprocessing(datatransmittal, review,coding,cleaning,query, reconciling, transferringandarchiving),dataqualityassurance, andperiodicsitemonitoringandretraining.b. Anelectronicdatabaseserverwasusedtostorethedataand a database application was used to automate most of the work processes involved in data management. Thedatabasemanagement system required routineadministration,maintenance andcontinuingdevelopmentandenhancementtomeetthedynamicneedsofthisregistry.Oncology,HaematologyandPathologyservices,MOH
DivisionofDiseaseControl,PublicHealthDepartment,MOH
MedicalDevelopmentDivision,MOH
CancerResearchCentre,InstituteforMedicalResearch,MOH
ClinicalResearchCentre,HospitalKualaLumpur,MOH
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��MALAYSIA AND ITS POPULATION
MalaysiaislocatedintheSouthEastAsianregionandcoversanareaof329,961km2.ItsharesitsborderswithSingapore,Thailand,IndonesiaandBrunei.TheSouthChinaSeaseparatesWestandEast Malaysia; West Malaysia being a peninsular region of the Asian Continent whereas EastMalaysia is located on the Island of Borneo. There are a total of 13 states and three FederalTerritoriesasfollows:
PeninsularMalaysia NorthernRegion:Perlis,Kedah,Penang,Perak EastCoastRegion:Kelantan,Terengganu,Pahang CentralRegion:Selangor,FederalTerritoryofKualaLumpurandFederalTerritoryof
Putrajaya SouthernRegion:NegeriSembilan,Malacca,Johor
EastMalaysia Sarawak Sabah FederalTerritoryofLabuan
Malaysia enjoys an equatorial climate. It is hot and humid throughout the year with an averagetemperatureof27oCandanannualrainfallthatexceeds2000mm.Therainyseasonsareinfluencedbythemonsoontradewinds.
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TheagedistributionofMalysia isdynamicover the years and the country currently experiences ahighbirthratewithadeclineofthedeathrates.Theagepyramidstillhasalargebasebuttheelderlyproportion is increasing. The age and sex distribution of the population of Peninsular Malaysia isshowninFigure2.2.1.Malaysiaisamultiethniccountry,withtheMalaysbeingthemajorityfollowedbytheChinese,Indians,IndigenousgroupsandOrangAsli.AgraphicalrepresentationoftheethnicdistributioninPeninsularMalaysiaisshowninFigure2.2.2.
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62%27%
9% 2%
Malay Chinese Indian Others
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��MALAYSIA AND ITS POPULATION
Thisreportcoversincidentcancercasesfrom2003to2005.Thustheage,sexandethnicdistributionin 2004 can be used to represent the average age, sex and ethnic distribution of the study base(averagedistributionofthedenominatorusedforincidentratecalculation).ThetotalpopulationofPeninsularMalaysiain2004was19.5millionwhichconsistedof9.84million(50.5%)malesand9.64million(49.5%)females.Therewere12.0million(61.5%)Malays,5.2million(26.7%)Chineseand1.8million(9.2%)Indians.
04 799,100 753,300 231,900 214,800 93,000 89,600 1,158,700 1,089,500 12,00059 743,100 700,000 240,200 221,100 91,800 88,500 1,105,000 1,037,900 10,000
1014 707,300 669,600 227,000 207,300 8,600 82,900 1,044,400 983,600 9,0001519 658,600 637,600 228,900 213,700 87,400 83,300 996,500 957,500 9,0002024 566,500 559,000 216,700 206,300 81,700 79,800 886,300 866,400 8,0002529 433,800 442,000 205,400 197,100 73,600 75,400 737,900 736,000 8,0003034 384,100 396,200 200,600 194,600 69,600 72,000 676,400 682,100 6,0003539 376,900 387,400 200,400 196,700 67,300 68,900 659,200 668,200 6,0004044 339,400 346,100 192,500 187,500 62,300 63,800 604,300 608,800 6,0004549 300,600 299,700 182,100 173,400 56,900 58,100 548,800 539,200 6,0005054 243,700 240,800 158,700 148,600 45,300 46,300 454,200 441,500 5,0005559 171,400 167,600 124,500 113,300 28,700 29,200 329,000 314,300 4,0006064 124,000 125,500 96,400 89,900 19,500 20,900 242,900 239,300 4,0006569 88,000 99,800 68,800 70,800 13,500 17,000 172,400 189,700 3,0007074 55,500 67,100 44,200 49,800 8,100 10,800 109,200 129,200 2,000
75+ 63,500 79,900 41,800 63,400 8,900 10,200 116,300 155,300 2,000
Infrastructure such as roads, public transportation and telecommunication in Malaysia are welldeveloped.Thereisgoodcoverageforelectricityandwatercoverage.ThemainoccupationsinMalaysiaof2004areshownin Legislators,seniorofficialsandmanagers 8.6%Professionals 5.6%Techniciansandassociateprofessionals 12.1%Clericalworkers 9.3%Serviceworkersandshopandmarketsalesworkers 14.8%Skilledagriculturalandfisheryworkers 13.2%Craftandrelatedtradeworkers 11.7%Plantandmachineoperatorsandassemblers 14.1%Elementaryoccupations 10.7%
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Since independence, the health status of Malaysia has been enhanced by improved socioeconomicalstatus,healthinfrastructureandservices.Thefollowingstatisticsarepresentedfor2004unlessstatedotherwiseasitrepresentsanaverageofthe20032005period.Lifeexpectancyatbirthwas70.4yearsand76.2yearsinMalaysianmalesandfemalesrespectively.InfantMortalityRatewas5.9per1000livebirthswhereasMaternalMortalityRatewas0.3per1000livebirths (Table2.5.1).Thedoctor topopulation ratiowas1:1402and therewere119governmenthospitals, 6 nonMOH government hospitals, 218 private hospitals, 859 MOH health clinics, 1924MOH rural clinics, 93 MOH maternal and child health clinics, 165 mobile clinics and 1969 dentalclinics.Governmenthospitalsandprivatehospitalsprovided28,966and10,542bedsrespectively.
Perinatalmortalityrate* 6.8Maternalmortalityrate* 0.3Infantmortalityrate* 5.9Neonatalmortalityrate* 3.8*Per1000livebirths
WithMalaysiansenjoyingbetterhealthstatuscurrentlycomparedwiththeirpredecessors,itwasthennosurprise thatmalignantneoplasmrankedamong its top five causesofdeath in theyears20032005.
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Septicaemia HeartDiseases M alignantNeoplasms CerebrovascularDiseases Accident
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��METHODS
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�� METHODS
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�� METHODS
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��METHODS
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�0 METHODS
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�� METHODS
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�� METHODS
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�� METHODS
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�� CANCER INCIDENCE IN MALAYSIA �00�-�00�
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45CANCER INCIDENCE IN MALAYSIA 2003-2005
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��BUCCAL CAVITY
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* Editorial Note: Singapore estimates in the above write-up are based on Singapore Cancer Registry ReportNo. 6, Trends In Cancer Incidence in Singapore 1968-2002 (Reference 10); whereas Singapore estimates for Figure 5.17.2 are based on Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (Reference 4).
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179REFERENCES
REFERENCES
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2) 2nd Report of the National Cancer Registry. Cancer Incidence in Malaysia 2003. Lim,GCC and Halimah, Y. National Cancer Registry. Kuala Lumpur 2004.
3) International Classification of Diseases for Oncology 3rd edition. Fritz. A., Percy. C., Jack. A., Shanmugaratnam, K., Sobin, L., Parkin, D. M. and Whelan, S. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2000.
4) Cancer Incidence in Five Continents Volumes I to VIII. Parkin, D.M., Whelan, S.L., Ferlay, J. and Storm, H. IARC CancerBase No 7, Lyon, 2005.
5) Malaysia, Year Book of Statistics 2006. Department of Statistics, Malaysia, 2006.
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8) Health Facts 2004. Planning and Development Division (Information and Documentation System Unit), Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2005.
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11) Penang Cancer Report 1999-2003. Bina Rai, S., Devaraj, T., Aishah, K., Rokiah, M. and Nor Asikin, A.K. Penang Cancer Registry, 2005.
12) Kelantan Cancer Registry Report 1999-2003. Fauziah, M.N., Hamizah, M.S., Norazmi, A., and Lila, P.M.M. Kelantan Cancer Registry, 2006.
13) Epidemiology of Cancer in Sarawak 1996-2000. Ooi, CH., Kiyu, A., Yao, SK., Helli, B., Mastulu, W. and Assan, J. Sarawak Cancer Registry, Sarawak Health Department, Sarawak. 2005.
Trends In Cancer Incidence in Singapore 1968-2002. A Seow, W P Koh, K S Chia,L M Shi, H P Lee, K Shanmugaratnam (editors). Singapore Cancer Registry ReportNo. 6. Singapore Cancer Registry, 2004.
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