Cancer Consult: Expertise for Clinical Practice
I wholeheartedly extend my gratitude towards our cancer experts who contributed to this fabulous project. They have elegantly combined their invaluable experience with clinical data and attempted to solve some of the most challenging and controversial issues in malignant hematology, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and oncology. I must add that this project would not have been a visible reality without constant support and love from the Supreme Lord and my family—which includes (and always will) my patients. I trust that readers will enjoy our work and would provide con-structive feedback which should allow us to improve on subsequent editions.
Thank you kindly,Syed Ali Abutalib“I grow by that Hand which nurtures me”
I would like to thank my fabulous co-editor, Syed Abutalib, whose tireless efforts have made this book possible; the terrific contributors whose impressive chapters have created a publication of immense clinical value; the fantastic staff at Wiley Blackwell who have created this magnificent text; my wife (Tomes) and our wonderful children who have made it all worthwhile; and the patients I have had the genuine privilege and honor to meet and serve in my years of clinical practice.
Sincere regards,Maurie Markman
Cancer Consult: Expertise for Clinical Practice
Edited by
Syed A. Abutalib, MDAssistant DirectorHematology and Hematopoietic Cell TransplantationMidwestern Regional Medical Center;Cancer Treatment Centers of AmericaZion, IL, USA
Maurie Markman, MDSenior Vice President of Clinical AffairsNational Director of Medical OncologyCancer Treatment Centers of America;Clinical Professor of MedicineDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphia, PA, USA
Copyright © 2014 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. All rights reserved
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Cancer Consult: Expertise for Clinical Practice / edited by Syed A. Abutalib, Maurie Markman. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-58921-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) I. Abutalib, Syed A., editor. II. Markman, Maurie, editor. [DNLM: 1. Neoplasms–Examination Questions. 2. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation–Examination Questions. 3. Leukemia–Examination Questions. 4. Medical Oncology–Examination Questions. QZ 18.2] RC266.5 616.99′40076–dc23
2014008386
Cover image: Two center images courtesy of Shaunagh McDermott and Michael A. Blake (Chapter 131), all other images courtesy of Carmen Barcena and Laurence de Leval (Chapter 38).
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
List of Contributors, x
Preface, xxi
Section 1 | Malignant Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Part 1 | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults
1 Diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 5Frederick G. Behm, Agatha Bogard, Syed A. Abutalib, and Sujata S. Gaitonde
2 Prognostic markers and models in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 18Dieter Hoelzer
3 Management of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 22Hady Ghanem, Hagop Kantarjian, Nitin Jain, and Elias Jabbour
4 Management of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 29Daniel J. DeAngelo
5 Minimal residual disease in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 35Meir Wetzler
6 Hematopoietic cell transplantation in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 40Netanel A. Horowitz and Jacob M. Rowe
Part 2 | Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Adults
7 Prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia: cytogenetics and beyond, 51Gordana Raca, Madina Sukhanova, and Lucy A. Godley
8 Induction therapy in acute myeloid leukemia, 58Tapan Kadia and Farhad Ravandi
9 Consolidation therapy in acute myeloid leukemia, 67Gregory K. Behbehani and Bruno C. Medeiros
10 Management of acute promyelocytic leukemia, 71Eytan M. Stein and Martin S. Tallman
11 Minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia, 76Hans Beier Ommen, Line Nederby, Marie Toft-Petersen, Charlotte Guldborg Nyvold, and Peter Hokland
12 Relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia, 82Stefan H. Faderl
13 Hematopoietic cell transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia, 89Antonio M. Jimenez and Stefan O. Ciurea
Part 3 | Myelodysplastic Syndromes and Related Disorders
14 Pitfalls in the diagnosis of myelodysplastic syndromes, 99Jay Yang, Gail Bentley, and Charles A. Schiffer
15 Cytogenetics and prognostic models in myelodysplastic syndromes, 106Uma Borate and Harry P. Erba
16 Management of myelodysplastic syndromes, 113Vu H. Duong, Alan F. List, and Rami S. Komrokji
17 Management of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms, 120Jagoda K. Jasielec and Richard A. Larson
18 Hematopoietic cell transplantation in myelodysplastic syndromes, 126Antonio Di Stasi, Armin Ghobadi, and Partow Kebriaei
19 Acquired aplastic anemia, 131Valeria Visconte and Ramon V. Tiu
Part 4 | Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
20 Diagnostic approach in myeloproliferative neoplasms, 137Ayalew Tefferi
21 Chronic myeloid leukemia: chronic phase, 142Jerald P. Radich
Contents
vi | Contents
22 Blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia, 147Michael J. Mauro
23 Chronic myeloid leukemia and pregnancy, 150Michael J. Mauro
24 Polycythemia vera, 152Constantine S. Tam and Srdan Verstovsek
25 Essential thrombocytosis, 156Paola Guglielmelli and Alessandro M. Vannucchi
26 Primary myelofibrosis, 162Ayalew Tefferi
27 Eosinophilic myeloproliferative disorders, 167Jason Gotlib
28 Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, 176Mrinal M. Patnaik
29 Hematopoietic cell transplantation in chronic myeloid leukemia, 180Jerald P. Radich
30 Hematopoietic cell transplantation in primary myelofibrosis, 187Irum Khan and Damiano Rondelli
Part 5 | Chronic Lymphocytic and Other Leukemias
31 Prognostic markers and management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 195Courtney D. DiNardo and Susan O’Brien
32 Hematopoietic cell transplantation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 201Michael R. Bishop
33 Prolymphocytic leukemia, 207Claire Dearden
34 Hairy cell leukemia, 220Justin M. Watts and Martin S. Tallman
Part 6 | Hodgkin Lymphoma
35 Management of classical Hodgkin lymphoma, 229Kristen Sanfilippo and Nancy L. Bartlett
36 Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, 235Dennis A. Eichenauer
37 Hematopoietic cell transplantation in Hodgkin lymphoma, 240Tsiporah Shore and Koen van Besien
Part 7 | Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas
38 Pitfalls in the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, 247Carmen Barcena and Laurence de Leval
39 Follicular lymphoma, 257Myron S. Czuczman
40 Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 263Andrew D. Zelenetz
41 Mantle cell lymphoma, 270Stephen Smith and John Sweetenham
42 Marginal zone lymphoma, 275Sarah Rutherford, Wayne Tam, and Peter Martin
43 Primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma, 282Pier Luigi Zinzani
44 Burkitt lymphoma, 286Mark Roschewski and Wyndham Wilson
45 Gray zone lymphoma, 290Caron A. Jacobson and Ann S. LaCasce
46 Transformed lymphoma, 295Stephane Doucet and Jane N. Winter
47 HIV-associated lymphoma, 304Kieron Dunleavy
48 Primary CNS lymphoma, 308Nicholas A. Blondin, Joachim M. Baehring, and Fred H. Hochberg
49 Primary cutaneous lymphoma, 316Thomas M. Habermann
50 Mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome, 323Stephane Dalle, Marie Perier-Muzet, Brigitte Balme, and Luc Thomas
51 Hematopoietic cell transplantation in indolent non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 327Saurabh Chhabra and Ginna G. Laport
52 Hematopoietic cell transplantation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 332Syed A. Abutalib and Istvan Redei
53 Hematopoietic cell transplantation in T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, 339Lori S. Muffly and Sonali M. Smith
Part 8 | Plasma Cell Neoplasms and Related Disorders
54 Smoldering multiple myeloma and monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, 347Robert A. Kyle
Contents | vii
55 Risk stratification and response assessment in multiple myeloma and Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 352Silvia Gentili and Sagar Lonial
56 Treatment of multiple myeloma, 358Cindy Varga, Claudia Paba Prada, Kenneth Anderson, and Paul Richardson
57 Light-chain amyloidosis, 366David C. Seldin
58 Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, 371Anita D’Souza and Morie A. Gertz
59 Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation in multiple myeloma, 376Jean-Luc Harousseau and Mohamad Mohty
60 Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation in multiple myeloma, 381Jasleen Randhawa, Veerpal Singh, and Parameswaran Hari
Part 9 | Special Issues in Hematology
61 Role of PET scan in lymphomas, 391Matthew A. Lunning and James O. Armitage
62 Radioimmunotherapy in lymphomas, 398Reem Karmali and Stephanie A. Gregory
63 Radiation oncology consultation for hematologic malignancies, 403Chris R. Kelsey and Leonard R. Prosnitz
Part 10 | Special Issues in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
64 Donor and graft selection in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, 411Jose Leonel Ochoa-Bayona and Claudio Anasetti
65 Preparative regimens in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for malignant hematological diseases, 417Robert J. Soiffer
66 T-cell depletion in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation, 421Jenna D. Goldberg and Miguel-Angel Perales
67 Prevention and treatment of relapse following hematopoietic cell transplantation, 426Robert Chen, Sandra Thomas, and Stephen J. Forman
68 Acute graft-versus-host disease, 432Andrew C. Harris and John E. Levine
69 Chronic graft-versus-host disease, 438Carrie L. Kitko and Daniel R. Couriel
Section 2 | Oncology
Part 1 | Central Nervous System Tumors
70 Primary brain tumors, 449Barbara J. O’Brien and Mark R. Gilbert
71 Secondary brain and spinal cord tumors, 457Rimas V. Lukas, Patrik Gabikian, and Steven J. Chmura
Part 2 | Head and Neck Cancers and Thoracic Malignancies
72 Medical management of head and neck cancers, 467Tobenna Nwizu and David Adelstein
73 Endocrine malignancies, 476Ann W. Gramza
74 Methodological and practical challenges for personalized therapies in non-small-cell lung cancer, 480Ignacio I. Wistuba
75 Screening, staging, and stage I non-small-cell lung cancer, 486Tarek M. Mekhail
76 Stage II and III non-small-cell lung cancer, 493Grzegorz Korpanty and Natasha B. Leighl
77 Recurrent and metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer and novel targets, 500Evan Pisick and Ravi Salgia
78 Small-cell lung cancer, 503Stephen V. Liu and Glen J. Weiss
79 Mesothelioma, 506Christopher W. Towe and Harvey I. Pass
Part 3 | Breast Cancer
80 Immunohistochemistry testing and beyond in breast cancer, 515Alejandro A. Gru and D. Craig Allred
81 Prevention and adjuvant therapy in breast cancer, 523Faithlore P. Gardner and Edith A. Perez
82 Preoperative systemic therapy for breast cancer, 532Virginia Kaklamani and William J. Gradishar
83 Recurrent and metastatic breast cancer, 540Dennis L. Citrin
84 Special issues in the young and pregnant patient with breast cancer, 546Hatem A. Azim Jr. and Fedro A. Peccatori
viii | Contents
Part 4 | Gastrointestinal Oncology
85 Early-stage esophageal and stomach cancers, 555M. Naomi Horiba and Yixing Jiang
86 Metastatic esophagogastric cancer: controversies, consensus, and new targets, 562Geoffrey Y. Ku and David H. Ilson
87 Early-stage colorectal cancer, 567Vaibhav Sahai and Al B. Benson III
88 Recurrent and metastatic colorectal cancer: controversies, consensus, and new targets, 573Davendra Sohal and Robert J. Pelley
89 Pancreatic cancer, 581Katherine Van Loon and Margaret Tempero
90 Hepatobiliary cancer, 590Keith Stuart
91 Neuroendocrine tumors, 595Anya Litvak and Leonard Saltz
92 Transarterial liver-directed therapies in oncology, 601Divyesh G. Mehta and Jeffery Choh
93 Anal cancer, 606Rob Glynne Jones
Part 5 | Genitourinary Oncology
94 Renal cancer: tumor diversity, molecular taxonomy, and prognostic algorithms, 615Henry J. Conter and Eric Jonasch
95 Medical management of renal cancer, 621Gary R. MacVicar and Timothy M. Kuzel
96 Medical management of bladder cancer, 628Gary R. MacVicar and Timothy M. Kuzel
97 Prostate cancer: Screening, surveillance, prognostic algorithms and independent pathologic predictive parameters, 634Megan G. Lockyer and Thomas M. Wheeler
98 Medical management of prostate cancer, 638Elizabeth K. O’Donnell and Philip Kantoff
99 Germ cell tumors, 645Timothy Gilligan
Part 6 | Skin Malignancies
100 Medical management of melanoma, 653Ana M. Ciurea and Kim Margolin
101 Nonmelanoma skin cancers, 661Daniel Christiansen and Anna Sancho Clayton
PART 7 | Gynecological Malignancies
102 Ovarian cancer: neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and surgical issues, 669Alpa M. Nick and Robert L. Coleman
103 Ovarian cancer: second-line treatment strategies, 675Maurie Markman
104 Endometrial and cervical cancers, 681Maurie Markman
PART 8 | Sarcomas
105 Bone sarcomas, 689Nicole Larrier, William C. Eward, and Richard F. Riedel
106 Soft tissue sarcomas, 696Neeta Somaiah and Shreyaskumar Patel
PART 9 | Multidisciplinary Approach: Consultation with Surgical Oncology Team
107 Surgical aspects of head and neck cancers, 707Constance E.H. Teo and Randal S. Weber
108 Surgical aspects of thoracic malignancies, 711Albert S.Y. Chang, Thomas A. D’Amico, and David C. White
109 Surgical aspects of upper gastrointestinal cancers, 719Sabha Ganai and Mitchell C. Posner
110 Surgical aspects of pancreatic cancer, 723Amanda B. Cooper, Ching-Wei D. Tzeng, and Matthew H.G. Katz
111 Surgical aspects of hepatobiliary tumors, 729Subhasis Misra and Leonidas Koniaris
112 Surgical aspects of lower gastrointestinal cancers, 735Anthony J. Senagore
113 Surgical aspects of renal cancer, 739Michael E. Woods and Matthew C. Raynor
114 Surgical aspects of bladder cancer, 744Michael B. Williams
115 Surgical aspects of prostate cancer, 747Peter Pinto
116 Surgical aspects of melanoma, 754Thomas Velancia
Contents | ix
PART 10 | Multidisciplinary Approach: Consultation with Radiation Oncology Team
117 Radiotherapy for head and neck cancers, 761Shiyu Song
118 Radiotherapy for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 767Beryl McCormick
119 Radiotherapy for early-stage invasive breast cancer, 771Julia White
120 Radiotherapy for thoracic malignancies, 778Meredith E. Giuliani and Andrea Bezjak
121 Radiotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancies, 785Manisha Palta, Christopher Willett, and Brian Czito
122 Radiotherapy for genitourinary malignancies, 789Christina H. Chapman and Curtiland Deville
PART 11 | Hereditary Cancer Syndromes and Genetic Testing in Oncology
123 When to suspect hereditary cancer syndromes, 795Emily Dalton and Kathy Schneider
124 Hereditary breast cancer syndromes, 800Kathy Schneider and Emily Dalton
125 Genetic testing in gastrointestinal tumors, 804Kristen M. Shannon and Daniel C. Chung
126 Hereditary urogenital cancer syndromes, 810Melanie Corbman and Eric Fowler
PART 12 | Special Issues in Hematology and Oncology
127 Carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP), 817Isabella C. Glitza and Gauri R. Varadhachary
128 Geriatric oncology, 822Nayana Kamath and Supriya Gupta Mohile
129 Nuts and bolts of cancer immunotherapy, 826Christopher R. Heery and James L. Gulley
130 Controversies related to oncology clinical trial development, 831Elihu H. Estey
131 PET scan in oncology, 835Shaunagh McDermott and Michael A. Blake
132 Hematopoietic growth factors, 841LeAnn B. Norris, Jametta Magwood, and Charles L. Bennett
133 Anticoagulation issues in oncology, 844Steven M. Corsello and Jean Marie Connors
134 Symptom management and palliative care, 851Rony Dev and Eduardo D. Bruera
135 Metabolic and nutritional issues in oncology, 860Julia Fechtner, Carolyn Lammersfeld, Carol Ireton-Jones, and Pankaj Vashi
136 Bone-related issues in oncology, 867S. Mujtaba Rizvi, Helen Collins, and Alan Lipton
137 Integrative medicine in oncology, 872Weidong Lu and David S. Rosenthal
138 Naturopathic medicine in oncology, 879Christina M. Shannon, Tracey Thomas, and Shauna Birdsall
139 Anesthesiology consultation for localized cancer pain, 884Abed Rahman, Magdalena Anitescu, and Raed Rahman
140 Musculoskeletal care in oncology, 893James E. Rosenberg and Charles A. McDonald
141 Cancer survivorship and psychosocial issues in oncology, 896Jabeen Abutalib, Shahid Raza, and Laura Sunn
Index, 902Color plate section facing p.522
x
Jabeen Abutalib, MDMidwestern Regional Medical Center, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Syed A. Abutalib, MDHematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
David Adelstein, MD, FACPDepartment of Solid Tumor Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
D. Craig Allred, MDDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Claudio Anasetti, MDBlood and Marrow Transplantation, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
Kenneth Anderson, MDJerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center and LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics;Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Magdalena Anitescu, MD, PhDDepartment of Anesthesia & Critical Care, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
James O. Armitage, MDUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Hatem A. Azim Jr., MD, PhDBreast Data Centre, Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Joachim M. Baehring, MD, DScDepartments of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Brigitte Balme, MDPathology Unit, Lyon Sud Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Pierre-Bénite, France
Carmen Barcena, MDInstitute of Pathology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Nancy L. Bartlett, MDDivision of Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Gregory K. Behbehani, MD, PhDHematology and Oncology, Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Frederick G. Behm, MDDepartment of Pathology, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL, USA
Charles L. Bennett, MD, PhD, MPPSouthern Network on Adverse Reactions (SONAR) of the South Carolina College of Pharmacy;Arnold School of Public Health of the University of South Carolina;William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC;Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
Al B. Benson III, MD, FACPDivision of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Gail Bentley, MDDepartment of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
List of Contributors
List of Contributors | xi
Jeffery Choh, MDInterventional Radiology Department, Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Daniel Christiansen, MDDermatology Division, Vanderbilt Clinic, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
Daniel C. Chung, MDGastrointestinal Unit and GI Cancer Genetics Program, Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital;Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Dennis L. Citrin, MB, ChB, PhDMidwestern Regional Medical Center, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Stefan O. Ciurea, MDStem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Ana M. Ciurea, MDDepartment of Dermatology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Anna Sancho Clayton, MDVanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
Robert L. Coleman, MDClinical Research, Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Helen Collins, MDAmgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
Jean Marie Connors, MDDepartment of Medicine, Hematology Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Henry J. Conter, MDAssistant Professor, Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
Amanda B. Cooper, MDDepartment of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Melanie Corbman, MS, LCGCGenetics/Oncology Clinic, Eastern Regional Medical Center, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Andrea Bezjak, MDCM, MSc, FRCPCDepartment of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
Shauna Birdsall, ND, FABNOWestern Regional Medical Center, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Tulsa, OK, USA
Michael R. Bishop, MDHematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Michael A. Blake, MDDepartment of Abdominal Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Nicholas A. Blondin, MDDepartment of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
Agatha Bogard, MDDepartment of Pathology, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL, USA
Uma Borate, MD, MSDivision of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Eduardo D. Bruera, MD, FAAHPMDepartment of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Albert S.Y. Chang, MDSection of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Raleigh Hospital, Raleigh, NC, USA
Christina H. Chapman, MDDepartment of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Robert Chen, MDDepartment of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
Saurabh Chhabra, MDDivision of Hematology/Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
Steven J. Chmura, MD, PhDDepartment of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
xii | List of Contributors
Antonio Di Stasi, MDDepartment of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Stephane Doucet, MDDepartment of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM Hospital), Montreal, QC, Canada
Anita D’Souza, MDDivision of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Kieron Dunleavy, MDNational Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
Vu H. Duong, MDUniversity of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
Dennis A. Eichenauer, MDFirst Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne;German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG), Cologne, Germany
Harry P. Erba, MD, PhDInternal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Elihu H. Estey, MDUniversity of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
William C. Eward, DVM, MDDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery, Section of Orthopedic Oncology, Duke Sarcoma Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Stefan H. Faderl, MDDivision of Leukemia, John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
Julia Fechtner, RD, CSO, CNSCMidwestern Regional Medical Center, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Stephen J. Forman, MDDepartment of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
Eric Fowler, MS, LCGCGenetic Counseling, Outpatient Clinics, Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Steven M. Corsello, MDDepartment of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute;Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Daniel R. Couriel, MDUniversity of Michigan Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Brian Czito, MDDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Myron S. Czuczman, MDRoswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
Stephane Dalle, MD, PhDDermatology Unit, Lyon Sud Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Pierre-Bénite, France
Emily Dalton, MS, CGCAmbry Genetics, Aliso Viego, CA, USA
Thomas A. D’Amico, MDSection of General Thoracic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Daniel J. DeAngelo, MD, PhDDepartment of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute;Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Claire Dearden, MDDepartment of Haemato-Oncology, Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton;Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
Laurence de Leval, MD, PhDInstitute of Pathology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
Rony Dev, MDDepartment of Symptom Control & Palliative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Curtiland Deville, MDDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Courtney D. DiNardo, MD, MSCEDepartment of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
List of Contributors | xiii
Lucy A. Godley, MD, PhDSection of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Jenna D. Goldberg, MDAdult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center;Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Jason Gotlib, MD, MSStanford University School of Medicine / Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
William J. Gradishar, MDRobert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Ann W. Gramza, MDNIH/NCI Endocrine Oncology Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
Stephanie A. Gregory, MD, FACPRush University Medical Center/Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
Alejandro A. Gru, MDDepartment of Pathology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
Paola Guglielmelli, MDHematology Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Charlotte Guldborg Nyvold, MS, PhDDepartment of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
James L. Gulley, MD, PhD, FACPMedical Oncology Service, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Thomas M. Habermann, MDDivision of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Parameswaran Hari, MDMedical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Jean-Luc Harousseau, MDUniversity of Nantes;Cancer Center René Gauducheau;Clinical Research Program, French National Cancer Institute, Nantes, France
Andrew C. Harris, MDBlood and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Patrik Gabikian, MDDepartment of Neurosurgery, Kaiser Foundation Hospital, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Sujata S. Gaitonde, MDDepartment of Pathology, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL, USA
Sabha Ganai, MD, PhDDepartment of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Faithlore P. Gardner, MDDivision of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
Silvia Gentili, MDClinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, Ancona, Italy
Morie A. Gertz, MDDepartment of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Hady Ghanem, MDDepartment of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Armin Ghobadi, MDDepartment of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Mark R. Gilbert, MDDepartment of Neuro-Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Timothy Gilligan, MD, MSDepartments of Solid Tumor Oncology, Urology, and Inpatient Solid Tumor Oncology, Center for Ethics, Humanities and Spiritual Care, Taussig Cancer Institute, and Center for Excellence in Healthcare Communication, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Meredith E. Giuliani, MD, MEd, FRCPCDepartment of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto;Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
Isabella C. Glitza, MDFellowship Program, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Rob Glynne Jones, MBBSGastrointestinal & Colorectal Cancer, Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Northwood, UK
xiv | List of Contributors
Eric Jonasch, MDDepartment of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Tapan Kadia, MDDepartment of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Virginia Kaklamani, MDRobert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Nayana Kamath, MDUniversity of Rochester James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, Rochester, NY, USA
Hagop Kantarjian MDDepartment of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Philip Kantoff, MDDepartment of Medical Oncology, Solid Tumor Oncology, Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute;Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Reem Karmali, MDRush University Medical Center/Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA
Matthew H.G. Katz, MDDepartment of Surgical Oncology, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Partow Kebriaei, MDDepartment of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Chris R. Kelsey, MDDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Irum Khan, MDUniversity of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL, USA
Carrie L. Kitko, MDUniversity of Michigan Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Rami S. Komrokji, MDH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
Christopher R. Heery, MDLaboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Fred H. Hochberg, MDDepartment of Neurology, Harvard Medical School;Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Dieter Hoelzer, MD, PhDDepartment of Medicine II, University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Peter Hokland, MD, DMScDepartment of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
M. Naomi Horiba, MDMarlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Netanel A. Horowitz, MDDepartment of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
David H. Ilson, MD, PhDGastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Carol Ireton-Jones, PhD, RD, LD, CNSC, FASPEN, FANDDepartment of Nutrition, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Dallas, TX, USA
Elias Jabbour, MDDepartment of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Caron A. Jacobson, MDDana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
Nitin Jain, MDDepartment of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Jagoda K. Jasielec, MDDepartment of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Yixing Jiang, MD, PhDMarlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
Antonio M. Jimenez, MDStem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
List of Contributors | xv
Anya Litvak, MDDepartment of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Stephen V. Liu, MDNorris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Megan G. Lockyer, MDDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
Sagar Lonial, MDDepartment of Hematology & Medical Oncology, The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
Weidong Lu, MDDepartment of Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Osher Research Center, Harvard Medical School-Osher Institute; Chinese Herbal Medicine, New England School of Acupuncture;Zakim Center for Integrative Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
Rimas V. Lukas, MDDepartment of Neurology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Matthew A. Lunning, DOHematology/Oncology Division, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
Gary R. MacVicar, MDDivision of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Jametta Magwood, MPHSouthern Network on Adverse Reactions (SONAR) of the South Carolina College of Pharmacy;Arnold School of Public Health of the University of South Carolina;William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC;Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
Kim Margolin, MDUniversity of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Maurie Markman, MDCancer Treatment Centers of America;Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Peter Martin, MDDivision of Hematology/Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Leonidas Koniaris, MDDepartment of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
Grzegorz Korpanty, MD, PhD, MRCPIDivision of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Geoffrey Y. KuGastrointestinal Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Timothy M. Kuzel, MDDivision of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Robert A. Kyle, MDDepartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, MN, USA
Ann S. LaCasce, MDDana-Farber/Partners CancerCare Hematology-Medical Oncology; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Carolyn Lammersfeld, MS, RD, CSO, CNSCIntegrative Medicine, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Ginna G. Laport, MDDivision of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
Nicole Larrier, MS, MDDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Duke Sarcoma Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Richard A. Larson, MDHematologic Malignancies Program, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Natasha B. Leighl, MD, MMSc, FRCPCDivision of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
John E. Levine, MDBlood and Marrow Transplant Program, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Alan Lipton, MDPennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
Alan F. List, MDH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
xvi | List of Contributors
LeAnn B. Norris, PharmDSouthern Network on Adverse Reactions (SONAR) of the South Carolina College of Pharmacy;Arnold School of Public Health of the University of South Carolina;William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veterans Administration Medical Center, Columbia, SC;Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
Tobenna Nwizu, MDDepartment of Solid Tumor Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Barbara J. O’BrienDepartment of Neuro-Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Susan O’Brien, MDDepartment of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Jose Leonel Ochoa-Bayona, MDBlood and Marrow Transplantation, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA
Elizabeth K. O’Donnell, MDDana-Farber Cancer Institute;Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Hans Beier Ommen, MD, PhDDepartment of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Claudia Paba Prada, MDJerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
Manisha Palta, MDDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Duke Regional Hospital, Durham, NC, USA
Harvey I. Pass, MDDivision of Thoracic Surgery and Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
Shreyaskumar Patel, MDDepartment of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Mrinal M. Patnaik, MBBSDivision of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Michael J. Mauro, MDMyeloproliferative Disorders Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Beryl McCormick, MD, FACRExternal Beam Radiotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Shaunagh McDermott, MB, BCh, FFR RCSIDepartment of Abdominal Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Charles A. McDonald, MDWestern Regional Medical Center, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Goodyear, AZ, USA
Bruno C. Medeiros, MDAssistant Professor of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Divyesh G. Mehta, MDUniversity of Arizona College of Medicine;Division of Hematology Oncology, Maricopa Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Tarek M. Mekhail, MDCancer Institute of Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
Subhasis Misra, MD, MS, FACCWSDivision of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
Supriya Gupta Mohile, MDUniversity of Rochester James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, Rochester, NY, USA
Mohamad Mohty, MDHematology and Cellular Therapy Department, Saint-Antoine Hospital;University Pierre & Marie Curie, Paris, France
Lori S. Muffly, MDDepartment of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Line Nederby, MS, PhDDepartment of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Alpa M. Nick, MDDepartment of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
List of Contributors | xvii
Farhad Ravandi, MDDepartment of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Matthew C. Raynor, MDDivision of Urologic Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Shahid Raza, MDClinical Research Specialist, Hollywood, FL, USA
Istvan Redei, MDHematology and Stem Cell Transplant, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Paul Richardson, MDJerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
Richard F. Riedel, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Duke Sarcoma Program, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
S. Mujtaba Rizvi, MDPennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
Damiano Rondelli, MDDivision of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL, USA
Mark Roschewski, MDMetabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
James E. Rosenberg, MDCancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
David S. Rosenthal, MDDepartment of Medicine, Harvard Medical School;Department of Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University;Zakim Center for Integrated Therapies, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
Jacob M. Rowe, MDDepartment of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Rambam Medical Center;Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa;Department of Hematology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
Sarah Rutherford, MDDepartment of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Fedro A. Peccatori, MD, PhDFertility and Procreation in Oncology Unit, Division of Gynecological Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
Robert J. Pelley, MDDirector of GI Oncology Program, Cleveland Clinic, OH, USA
Miguel-Angel Perales, MDAdult Bone Marrow Transplantation Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center;Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Edith A. Perez, MDDivision of Hematology/Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
Marie Perier-MuzetUnit of Dermatoloy, Lyon Sud Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon University, Pierre-Bénite, France
Peter Pinto, MDProstate Cancer Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
Evan Pisick, MDCancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Mitchell C. Posner, MDDepartment of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Leonard R. Prosnitz, MDDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Gordana Raca, MDLaboratory of Cancer Cytogenetics and Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Jerald P. Radich, MDFred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
Abed Rahman, MDDepartment of Pain Medicine, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Raed Rahman, DODepartment of Pain Medicine, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Jasleen Randhawa, MDMedical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
xviii | List of Contributors
Stephen Smith, MDDepartment of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Davendra Sohal, MD, MPHSolid Tumor Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute and Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Robert J. Soiffer, MDHematologic Malignancies Department and Stem Cell/Bone Marrow Transplantation Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute;Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Neeta Somaiah, MDDepartment of Sarcoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Shiyu Song, MD, PhDDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, Richmond, VA, USA
Eytan M. Stein, MDLeukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Keith Stuart, MDTufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Madina Sukhanova, MDLaboratory of Cancer Cytogenetics, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Laura Sunn, MDConsultation-Liaison Psychiatry, Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
John Sweetenham, MDClinical Affairs, Huntsman Cancer Institute;Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
Martin S. Tallman, MDLeukemia Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center;Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Constantine S. Tam, MBBS, MDDepartment of Hematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Wayne Tam, MDDepartment of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
Ayalew Tefferi, MDDivision of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Vaibhav Sahai, MD, MSDivision of Hematology/Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Ravi Salgia, MD, PhDDepartments of Medicine, Pathology, and Dermatology;Chest Oncology and Thoracic Oncology Research Program andTranslational Research Program, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
Leonard Saltz, MDGastrointestinal Oncology Service and Colorectal Oncology Section, Memorial Sloan Kettering CancerCenter, New York, NY, USA
Kristen Sanfilippo, MD, MPHSSiteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
Charles A. Schiffer, MDDepartment of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
Kathy Schneider, MPHCancer Genetics and Prevention Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
David C. Seldin MD, PhDDepartments of Medicine and Microbiology, Section of Hematology-Oncology and Amyloidosis Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Anthony J. Senagore, MD, MS, MBA, FACS, FACRSCentral Michigan University School of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
Christina M. Shannon, ND, FABNOCancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Kristen M. Shannon, MS, CGCCancer Center Genetics Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
Tsiporah Shore, MDBone Marrow and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Veerpal SinghFox Valley Hematology Oncology, Elgin, IL, USA
Sonali M. Smith, MDSection of Hematology/Oncology and Lymphoma Program, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
List of Contributors | xix
Cindy Varga, MDJerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
Pankaj Vashi, MDGastroenterology/Nutrition & Metabolic Support, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Thomas Velancia, MDDepartment of Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Srdan Verstovsek, MD, PhDLeukemia Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Valeria Visconte, PhDDepartment of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Justin M. Watts, MDLeukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
Randal S. Weber, MDDepartment of Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Glen J. Weiss, MDCancer Treatment Centers of America, Goodyear, AZ; Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen); University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Meir Wetzler, MD, FACPLeukemia Section, Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
Thomas M. Wheeler, MDDepartment of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
David C. White, MDSection of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Duke Raleigh Hospital, Raleigh, NC, USA
Julia White, MDDepartment of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center–ArthurG. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Columbus, OH, USA
Christopher Willett, MDDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
Margaret Tempero, MD, MPHUCSF Pancreas Center, Pancreas Cancer Program, and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Constance E.H. Teo, MBBS, MRCS (Edin), MMed
(Otorhinolaryngology)Department of Otolaryngology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
Luc Thomas, MD, PhDDermatology Unit, Lyon Sud Hospital, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Pierre-Bénite, France
Sandra Thomas, PhDDepartment of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
Tracey Thomas, NDCancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Ramon V. Tiu, MDDepartment of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Marie Toft-Petersen, MDDepartment of Hematology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Christopher W. Towe, MDDepartment of Cardiothoracic Surgery, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, USA
Ching-Wei D. Tzeng, MDDepartment of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KA, USA
Koen van Besien MD, PhDBone Marrow and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
Katherine Van Loon, MD, MPHHelen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
Alessandro M. Vannucchi, MDDipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Gauri R. Varadhachary, MDDepartment of Gastrointestinal (GI) Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
xx | List of Contributors
Michael B. Williams, MD, MSDepartment of Urology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
Wyndham Wilson, MD, PhDMetabolism Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
Jane N. Winter, MDRobert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
Ignacio I. Wistuba, MDDepartment of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
Michael E. Woods, MDDivision of Urologic Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Jay Yang, MDDepartment of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
Andrew D. Zelenetz, MD, PhDDepartment of Medicine and Lymphoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center;Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
Pier Luigi Zinzani, MD, PhDInstitute of Hematology “Seràgnoli,” University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
xxi
Preface
It is commonplace in the oncology arena for patients to request a “second opinion.”
But it is equally usual for oncologists to discuss with a colleague a complex or unusual case, or a patient with serious comorbidities, to insure that a particular individual is given the greatest opportunity to experience the benefits of therapy while minimizing the risks of possible treat-ment-related harm. Such discussions occur both within a particular specialty (e.g., surgery, radiation, or medical oncology) and between various specialties.
And as cancer management becomes more multimodal in nature, with an increasing focus on both maximizing the opportunity for extended survival and at the same time optimizing quality of life, the requirement for essential communication between individual specialists with their own unique knowledge and experience of critically rele-vant components of care becomes ever more important.
It is with these thoughts in mind that the editors con-ceived of an oncology text that would focus on the “expert
perspectives” of oncology professionals. The intent was to have each individual book chapter be viewed as a “mini-consultation” provided by a specialist regarding a specific, highly clinically relevant issue in cancer management.
Considering the specific purpose and focus of the mate-rial presented, the book is written without detailed refer-ences (although a few selected readings are included at the end of each chapter). However, many of the authors have prepared a more extensive reference list, and the editors will be happy to email any reader the more detailed refer-ence lists for individual book chapters, if so requested.
The chapters that follow have been written by clinicians selected for their recognized clinical expertise and experi-ence. It is hoped that those reading this book will find the material of value in their own interactions with their patients.
Syed Abutalib and Maurie [email protected]
Malignant Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
SECTION 1
PART 1Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults
5
Cancer Consult: Expertise for Clinical Practice, First Edition. Edited by Syed A. Abutalib and Maurie Markman.© 2014 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Published 2014 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Hematopathologists are often called on to clarify how they arrived at a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This is frequently due to confusion regarding how to interpret unusual flow cytometry (FC) immunopheno-type or cytogenetic results. Occasionally, the diagnosis does not fit clinical findings, the clinical impression, or a referred diagnosis by another physician. The 2008 World Health Organization (WHO) classification provides good, general guidelines for the application of immunopheno-type, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic studies in the clas-sifications of these neoplasms. However, individual cases of acute leukemia may sit on the edge of these guidelines, resulting in questions if not confusion regarding the correct diagnosis. For example, the significance of aberrant expres-
sion of relatively lineage-specific markers by acute leuke-mia remains a confusing topic. On another front, the two most important factors that predict the favorable treatment response of a patient with ALL are cytogenetic and molecu-lar genetic findings and early response to treatment. These are most conveniently followed by minimal residual disease (MRD) studies that also pose additional questions, such as when the bone marrow of a patient in clinical remission has morphologically observable lymphoid-like blasts in the bone marrow. This chapter addresses some of these issues by way of case presentations. We tried to avoid presenting diagnostic and classification information that is readily available in the 2008 WHO and other texts as well as readily available online from many sources.
CHAPTER 1Diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemiaFrederick G. Behm1, Agatha Bogard1, Syed A. Abutalib2, and Sujata S. Gaitonde1
1University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL, USA2Midwestern Regional Medical Center, Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Zion, IL, USA
Case study 1.1
The first case involves a patient with a provisional diag-nosis of viral infection, but a review of a peripheral blood smear raises questions about the provided clinical diagnosis.
HistoryA 16-year-old male presents with fever and arthralgia. A complete blood count (CBC) shows anemia and elevated white blood cell (WBC) count with many atypical mononu-clear cells. The physician’s impression was a viral infection, and she refers the patient for hematology consult. Physical examination is significant for questionable splenomegaly and cervical lymphadenopathy. A repeat CBC shows a WBC of 56,000/μL normocytic anemia with hemoglobin (Hgb) of 8.5 g/dL and a platelet count of 128,000/μL. There is abso-
lute neutropenia. Peripheral blood and bone marrow aspi-rate smears are reviewed. The marrow was very difficult to aspirate and on examination consisted of peripheral blood and no marrow particles.
1. Which of the following are possible diagnoses based on the clinical history, the CBC, and the cells shown in Figures 1.1 and 1.2? (Choose all that may apply)
A. Reactive lymphocytosisB. Large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGLL)C. Granular acute lymphoblastic leukemia (granular ALL)D. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
The cells shown have features of blasts with a high nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio with finely dispersed nuclear
(Continued)
6 | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Adults
chromatin. The presence of azurophilic cytoplasmic gran-ules raised the possibility of LGLL, AML, and an uncommon subtype of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) called gran-ular ALL. Large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) are a normal cell type in healthy individuals that may be of T- or NK-cell lineage. They have relatively large amounts of clear cyto-plasm with a few, small azurophilic granules; acentric nuclei; and no nucleoli. LGLL, a relatively rare chronic leukemia of LGL cells, may be confused with acute leukemia. Although patients with LGLL may present with neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia, the WBC count is usually normal with relatively few leukemic lymphocytes. The leukemic cells of LGLL rarely replace normal hematopoietic elements at initial diagnosis. Reactive lymphocytes are frequently mis-taken for leukemic blasts in that they usually are large and frequently contain one or several nucleoli. However, they lack cytoplasmic granules and have intensely basophilic cytoplasm and dense, coarse nuclear chromatin. It would be unusual to see an abnormally high WBC count or normal marrow hematopoietic elements largely replaced by reactive lymphocytes. A rare exception may be a rare immune-com-promised individual with a viral infection.
The more pressing question is whether the cells pictured are myeloblasts of AML or lymphoblasts of granular ALL. An experienced morphologist may be able to distinguish between these two acute leukemias by their cytologic features but will always confirm the initial impression by additional laboratory studies. Cytochemical stains for mye-loperoxidase and Sudan black will differentiate between
these leukemias, but they have been replaced by more informative FC immunophenotype studies. We recommend that routine cytochemical studies of acute leukemia be abandoned.
The histograms of a flow cytometry immunophenotype study of the peripheral blood are shown in Figure 1.3.
2. What is the lineage of the leukemia based on the studies shown in Figure 1.3?
A. B-cellB. T-cellC. MyeloidD. Mixed-lineage leukemia
The studies shown in Figure 1.3 contain sufficient infor-mation to differentiate AML from ALL. In our experience, the minimum number of markers to identify the lineage of over 95% of acute leukemias is shown Figure 1.4. These are markers that are lineage restricted in normal hematopoiesis and lymphopoiesis. However, many acute leukemias do not follow the norm, and they frequently express markers of another lineage. For example, many AML express lymphoid antigens, as discussed later. Well-versed hematologists will be familiar with these 10 lineage markers and their applica-tion and limitations in assignment of a cell lineage.
The blasts of the patient express B-associated surface CD19 and CD22 plus cytoplasmic CD79a, but not T-associated CD7 or cytoplasmic CD3 and no myeloperoxidase (MPO). By the criteria of the WHO classification of acute leukemia,
Figure 1.1 Peripheral blood smear. A monomorphous population of abnormal cells predominates in the peripheral blood. The insert shows azurophilic granules in the cytoplasm of several of these cells. Wright-Giemsa, 50×; insert, 63×. (Color plate 1.1)
Figure 1.2 Bone marrow core biopsy touch preparation. Touch imprints of the bone marrow core biopsy substituted for a suboptimal bone marrow aspirate specimen. The marrow is involved with the same abnormal cells present in the peripheral blood. The insert shows two cells containing azurophilic cytoplasmic granules. Wright-Giemsa, 63×; insert, 100×. (Color plate 1.2)