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Canadians in Hong Kong and the Rest of the World: Some Policy Implications
Shibao GuoUniversity of Calgary
&Don DeVoretz
RIIM/Simon Fraser University
8th Metropolis ConferenceVancouver, March 24, 2006
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Outline
• Contextual information
• Theoretical framework
• A questionnaire approach
• Preliminary results
• Conclusions and implications
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The Chinese Leaver-Stayer Project
• Examines the underlying forces that influence the “move-stay” decision for Chinese immigrants
• Two stages
1. Seeks understanding of the integration experience of Chinese immigrants in Canada
2. The experience of Chinese immigrants who returned “home”
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Research Questions
• Why do some people decide to leave while others stay?
• Who leaves, who stays, and why?
• Does Canada push them back home or do forces in their home country attract them back?
• What are the policy implications?
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Human Capital
Triangle
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Questionnaire
I. Basic information
II. Motivations for moving
III. Re-integration experience in China
IV. Concluding remarks
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I: Basic Information
Gender Age Place of Birth
Current Residence
Family Members
Language
Marital Status
Nationality Education
Background
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Gender
41. 33%
58. 67%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Male Female
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Age Distribution
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
<20 20-25 26-30 31-33 34-36 37-39 40-42 43-45 46-48 49-51 52-55 56-59 >=60
%
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Marital Status
36.99%
58.90%
0.00% 4.11%0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Single Married Seperated Divorced
%
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Place of Current Residence
1.52%4.55%
1.52%1.52%4.55%
18.18%15.15%
53.03%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Mac
ao
Bei
jing
Dal
ian
Gua
ngzh
ou
Nan
ning
Sha
ngha
i
Hon
g K
ong
Oth
er
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Citizenship Status before Leaving Canada
1.39%
9.72%
31.94%
56.94%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Canadian Citizen Chinese Citizenwith Canadian PR
Chinese Citizenon Canadian Visa
Other
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Education Background
1.37% 2.74% 4.11%
12.33%
30.14%
49.32%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Less ThanHigh School
High SchoolDiploma
Non-University
Certificate orDiploma
Bachelor'sDegree
Master'sDegree
Ph.D.
%
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Where Did You Receive Your Highest Level of Education?
1.37%
47.95%
34.25%
12.33%
4.11%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Aomen Canada Mainland HK Other
%
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Do You Still Have Relatives in Canada?
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Yes No
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II. Motivations for Moving to Canada/China
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Motivations for Moving to Canada
21.33%24.00%25.33%
28.00%
36.00%40.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
%
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Have You Achieved Your Main Goals?
71.43%
28.57%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Yes No
%
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Preventing Factors
4.11%4.11%
5.48%
6.85% 6.85%
9.59%
10.96%
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
Lang
uage
Diff
icul
ties
Cul
tura
lBa
rrie
rs
Lack
of
Can
adia
nQ
ualif
icat
ions
Lack
of
Can
adia
nW
ork
Expe
rienc
e
Lack
of S
ocia
lN
etw
ork
Rac
ism
inC
anad
ian
Soci
ety
Chi
nese
Qua
lific
atio
nsN
otR
ecog
nize
d
Chi
nese
Wor
kEx
perie
nce
Not
Rec
ogni
zed
Oth
er* (
Mai
nly
Less
Empl
oym
ent
Opp
ortu
nitie
s)
%
1. Chinese qualifications not recognized 2. Chinese experience not recognized
3. Lack of Canadian work experience 4. Lack of Canadian qualifications
5. Language difficulties 6. Lack of social network
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Motivations for Returning to China
29.23%
53.85%56.92%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%S
tudy
More
Job
Secu
rity
Less
Str
ess
Taki
ng C
are
of
Pare
nts
Speaki
ng E
nglis
h
Acq
uirin
gC
anadia
n
Natu
ral
Envi
ronm
ent
Oth
er*
*
1. More opportunities for promotion
2. Higher paying jobs
3. More job security
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Length of Stay in Canada
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 24 30
Years
%
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City of Residence before Returning to China
0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%
Ed
mo
nto
n
Ha
milt
on
Mo
ntr
ea
l
To
ron
to
Va
nco
uve
r
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How Long Have You Returned to China?
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 17 25 29
Years
%
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III: Re-integration Experience in China
• Any difficulties of re-integrating into Chinese society?
• Employment Experiences in China
• Social Experience
• Impressions of China
• Experience with government and non-government organizations
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Have You Encountered Any Major Difficulties?
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
Yes No
%
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Major Difficulties
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
18.00%
20.00%C
ultu
ral
Adj
ustm
ent
Lang
uage
Soc
ial
Net
wor
king
Fin
ance
s
Cor
rupt
ion
Bur
eauc
racy
Em
ploy
men
t
Pol
lutio
n
Bei
ng a
For
eign
er
Acq
uisi
tion
ofC
hina
PR
Oth
er*
%
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Current Job in China
11.67%
13.33%
16.67%
18.33%
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
18.00%
20.00%
Senio
r
manager
Pro
fessio
nal
occ.
in
busin
ess a
nd
Cle
rical
occupations
and c
lerical
Pro
fessio
nal
occ.
in h
ealth,
regis
tere
d
Occ.
in s
ocia
l
scie
nce,
govern
ment
Occ.
in a
rt,
culture
,
recre
ation a
nd
Reta
il t
rade
superv
isors
,
sale
spers
ons,
Stu
dent
/
Work
1. Teachers and professors 2. Professional occ. in business & finance
3. Other managers occupations 4. Senior managers
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Household Annual Income in China (¥)
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
Up to 20000 20001 to 50000 50001 to100000
100001 to150000
150001 to250000
Over 250001
$
%
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Household Income in Canada
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
up to 20000 20001- 31000 31001- 46000 46001- 62000 62001- 78000 Over 78001
$
%
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Employment Situation after Returning to China
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
50.00%
Much Better Better Same Worse Much Worse
%
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Is the China you returned to the same as the one you left with?
0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%
Yes No
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If no, how would you describe it? (%)
More open 41.3 Same 4 Less open 1.3
More developed
48 Same 4 Less developed
0
More bureaucratic
9.3 Same 17.3 Less bureaucratic
10.7
More difficult to travel
6.7 Same 6.7 Less difficult to travel
28
More polluted
32 Same 5.3 Less polluted
6.7
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Compared with Canada, how would you describe your life in China as a whole?
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Much Better Better Same Worse Much Worse
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Compared with your life BEFORE you left China, how would you describe your situation in China NOW?
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Much Better Better Same Worse Much Worse
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Any regrets of returning to China?
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Yes No In some ways
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In your re-integration process, which group most helpful?
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Your
work
unit
Govern
ment
org
aniz
atio
ns
Friends a
nd
fam
ily
Non
-
govern
ment
org
aniz
atio
ns
Oth
er
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3.23 Areas That Need Help
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
Fin
din
g a
Jo
b
Fin
din
ga
cco
mm
od
atio
n
Ap
ply
ing
for
Re
sid
en
t Pe
rmit
Ap
ply
ing
for
rese
arc
h g
ran
t
Ap
ply
ing
for
aL
oa
n to
Sta
rtB
usi
ne
ssA
pp
lyin
g fo
r a
loa
nto
bu
y a
na
pa
rtm
en
t or
ah
ou
se
Fin
din
g a
sch
oo
lfo
r yo
ur
child
ren
Pro
vid
ing
Ch
ine
sela
ng
ua
ge
cla
sse
s
Fin
din
g a
job
for
you
r sp
ou
se
Oth
er*
%
Areas That Need Help
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%F
ind
ing
a J
ob
Fin
din
ga
cco
mm
od
atio
n
Ap
ply
ing
for
Re
sid
en
t Pe
rmit
Ap
ply
ing
for
rese
arc
h g
ran
t
Ap
ply
ing
for
aL
oa
n to
Sta
rtB
usi
ne
ssA
pp
lyin
g fo
r a
loa
nto
bu
y a
na
pa
rtm
en
t or
ah
ou
se
Fin
din
g a
sch
oo
lfo
r yo
ur
child
ren
Pro
vid
ing
Ch
ine
sela
ng
ua
ge
cla
sse
s
Fin
din
g a
job
for
you
r sp
ou
se
Oth
er*
%
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Policy Implications
• How much returning is good for Canada?– 0%?– 100%?
• What can Canadian Government do to help retain this group of immigrants?
• What are the policy implications of this research to other immigrants in Canada?
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Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!