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Can Old Buildings be
Green Buildings?
Dawson Stelfox
Consarc Design Group
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Inherent sustainability
Upgrading thermal efficiency
Incorporating Renewables
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Inherent sustainability - Embodied Energy
The energy lost by demolishing a typical Victorian house is enough to fill a car with 15,000 litres of petrol and drive it round the world 5 times (English Heritage)
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Inherent sustainability - Avoiding Waste
A quarter of UK landfill is demolition waste
Only 4 % of 70 million tons of demolition waste is recycled
Production of new materials accounts for 10% of UK energy consumption
Re-using buildings and materials saves money, saves energy, saves the environment
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Inherent sustainability - Value for money
Research for English Heritage by „SAVE‟ showed that full life cycle costs for historic buildings are considerably less than modern buildings
Analysis of the UK „Pathfinder‟ scheme showed that the cost of replacement was £60,000/unit whilst the cost of refurbishment of existing terrace houses was £25,000/unit.
The „Pathfinder‟ project caused large scale blight whilst large schemes were assembled and procured, whilst refurbishment could have happened on a house by house basis
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Respect for the original is not always prevalent!
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Inherent sustainability – Imaginative re-use
Chimney Pot Park, Salford by Urban Splash
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Inherent Sustainability - Choice of materials
Wood v pvc
nothing is „maintenance free‟
whole life costs rarely considered
Lime v Cement
Better for historic buildings
Less energy use in manufacture
Local v imported
Jobs, transport, energy
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Mourne Mountains, County Down
A future for stone
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Public Realm Works in Newcastle, Co. Down
at the foot of the Mourne Mountains
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Public Realm Works
Newcastle, Co. Down
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or from further away..
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Sourcing Locally
•The Northern Ireland Stone Database
Commissioned through NIEA
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Armagh Limestone
North South Ministerial Council BuildingThe Merchant Hotel, Extension, Belfast
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Causeway Visitor Centre
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Causeway Visitor Centre
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Upgrading thermal efficiency
Typical Heat Loss
25% Roof35% Walls15% Floor15% Doors10% Windows
Starting from a shell – upgrading to contemporary standards is relatively straightforward
Key is understanding of the differences between traditional and modern construction, in particular the nature of breathable construction and required air changes
See English Heritage Climate Change Workshop booklet
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Is this sustainable?
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Improving the thermal performance of traditional windows
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Repair joinery Gap filling & coat of white primer
Refurbishment of English Heritage Window before testing
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Cold Room2C
Warm Room22C
Windows mounted in 300mm thick insulated panel
Environmental Chamber
window #1window #2
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Options tested Heavy curtains. Traditional Timber shutters Modified traditional shutters, with 9mm aerogel
insulation inserted into panels and covered with 6mm plywood.
Modern roller blind. Modern roller blind, covered with a low
emissivity film. A “thermal” honeycomb blind. Secondary glazing with low-e coated glazing. Double glazed replacement panes
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Heavy Curtains Traditional Shutters
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Insulated shutters with 9mm aerogel insulation
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Modern Roller Blind Blind with low-e foil applied
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Victorian Blind Honeycomb Blind
Metallised interior of honeycomb blind
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Low-e secondary glazing system
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Results U-value, W/m2K
Reduction in
heat loss
through glazing
Centre of glazing only 5.2 -
Curtains 3.2 39%
Victorian blind 3.1 41%
Roller blind 3.1 41%
Roller blind with low-e foil 2.0 61%
Duette honeycomb blind 2.3 56%
Shutters 2.1 60%
Insulated shutters 1.6 70%
Secondary glazing 1.8 66%
Secondary glazing & curtains 1.3 75%
Secondary glazing &shutters 1.3 76%
Secondary glazing & insulated shutters 1.0 81%
Double glazing 1.9 64%
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EH Window – Air leakage
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Pressure Difference [Pa]
Air
Flo
w [m
3/h
]
As-received
Repaired joinery; before draught-proofing
After draught-proofing
After installation of secondary glazing
34% Reduction
in Air Leakage
86% Reduction
in Air Leakage
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0
5
10
15
20
25
As-received Refurbished Draught-proofed Draught-proofed with
Shutters
With Secondary
Glazing
Heat
Loss [
W/K
]
Ventlation heat loss coefficient at 5Pa
UA window15%
54%
77%
83%
Combined effects of reduced conduction and ventilation
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Christchurch - the Challenge
•Listed
•Redundant
•Vandalised
•Burnt out
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Burnt out shell – therefore :-
New insulated floors
New insulated roof
Dry lined and insulated walls
Efficient air handling and heat recovery
Replacement of single glazed cast iron and timber windows – energy loss compensated by other measures and secondary glazing for sound insulation
Christchurch – upgrading thermal efficiency
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Making it Happen
Partnership between RBAI and Belfast Buildings Preservation Trust
NIEA support and grant aid vital
Contemporary Interior within restored historic shell
Historic ceiling restored with original ceiling ventilators used to house air handling and heat recovery system in attic
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Christchurch - historic character and thermal efficiency
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The Ulster Hall
Keeping the historic interior whilst upgrading thermal efficiency and comfort levels
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Upgrading thermal efficiency – retaining historic interiors
New roof and insulation
Reduce air leakage
Double glazing in original frames
Air handling and heat recovery in attic space
Dry lining walls in ancillary spaces
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Before After
Lowering ceilings, insulating and concealing services, energy efficient lighting
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Incorporating Renewables
Holywood Old School – Solar panels on hidden, south facing slope
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Incorporating Renewables
Green Power in Edinburgh‟s World Heritage site – the Renewable Heritage Project 2009
Installation of solar water heating in 7 listed Georgian tenements with multi-occupancy.
Project supported by Edinburgh World Heritage
“This project will help dispel the myth that historic buildings are not capable of being sensitively retrofitted with sustainable energy measures”
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Solar thermal on listed tenements
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Micro renewables – photovoltaicson remote sites
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Incorporating Renewables
Air and Ground source heat pumps
Low grade constant heat compatible with high thermal mass traditional buildings
Ground or air source heat pumps linked to underfloor heating with an air handling system that incorporates heat recovery, can be incorporated into traditional structures if a comprehensive restoration is necessary
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“The greenest building is one that’s already built”Carl Elefante National Trust US
Embodied Energy Low Carbon AssessmentResearch carried out for Historic Scotland, concluded
Traditional buildings that are well insulated and with efficient heating and lighting have the potential to out perform new buildings over a 100year life when total embodied energy is taken into account
The simplest energy improvements are ones where there is the most cost/benefit
In terms of building replacement, even when compared to traditional buildings with very poor thermal performance, investing in a replacement building, even a highly efficient building, is unlikely to recoup the investment over the life of the building
In terms of cost returns on investment the traditional building refurbishment option has significant cost benefits over the life of the new building, regardless of the energy performance level
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Old Buildings are Green Buildings
Embodied Energy
Avoidance of waste and landfill
Repair often more cost effective than replacement
Use of Local Materials – low transport impact and local jobs
Insulation standards usually easily increased
High thermal mass compatible with renewables
It is possible to achieve just as high environmental standards asmodern buildings and keep the historic character
Environmental, Economic and Cultural sustainability