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ambridge ompanions Online
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The Cambridge Companion to Plato
Edited by Richard Kraut
Book DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521430186
Online ISBN: 9781139000574
Hardback ISBN: 9780521430180
Paperback ISBN: 9780521436106
Chapter
Frontmatter pp. i-xiv
Chapter DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CCOL0521430186.017
Cambridge University Press
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This is another vo lume in the new Cambridge series of com-
panions to major philosophers. Each volume will contain
specially commissioned essays by an international team of
scholars, together with a substantial bibliography, and will
serve as a reference work for students and nonspecialists.
One aim of the series is to dispel the intimidation such
readers often feel when faced with the work of a difficult and
challenging thinker.
Plato stands a t the head of our philosophical tradition, be-
ing the first Western thinker
to
produce
a
body of writing that
touches upon a wide range of topics still discussed by philoso-
phers today. In a sense he invented philosophy as a distinct
subject, for a lthough many of these topics were discussed by
his intellectual predecessors and contemporaries, he was the
first to bring them together by giving them a unitary treat-
ment. He conceives of philosophy as a discipline w ith a dis-
tinctive intellectual method, and he makes radical claims for
its position in hum an life and the political community. This
volume contains fifteen new essays discussing Plato's views
about know ledge, reality, mathem atics, politics, ethics, love,
poetry, and religion. There are also analyses of the intellec-
tual and social background of his thought, the development of
his philosophy throughout his career, the range of alternative
approaches to his work, and the stylometry of his writing.
New readers and nonspecialists will find this the most
convenient, accessible guide to Plato currently
available.
Ad-
vanced students and specialists will find a conspectus of
recent developments in the interpretation of Plato.
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T HE C A M B R I D G E C O M P A N I O N T O
PLATO
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OTHER VOLUMES IN THIS SERIES OF CAMBRIDGE
COMPANIONS:
AQUINAS
Edited
by
NORMAN KRETZMAN
and
E L E O N O R E S T U M P
ARISTOTLE
Edited
by JONATHAN BARNES
DESC RTES
dited by JOHN COTTINGHAM
FOUC ULT
dited by GARY GUTTING
FREUD Edited by JEROME NEU
HEGEL Edited by FREDERICK BEISER
HEIDEGGER dited by CHARLES GUIGNON
HOBBES
Edited by TOM SORRELL
HUME
Edited
by
DAVID FATE NORTON
HUSSERL dited by
BARRY SMITH
and
DAVID
W O O D R U F F S M I T H
KANT
Edited
by PAUL GUYER
LEIBNIZ
Edited
by NICHOLAS JOLLEY
LOCKE Edited by VERE CHAPPELL
MARX Edited by TERRELL CARVER
MILL Edited by JOHN SKORUPSKI
NIETZSCHE
dited by BERND MAGNUS
SARTRE
Edited
by
CHRISTINA HOWELLS
SPINOZ dited by DON
GARRETT
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The Cambridge Companion to
P L A T O
Edited by Richard K raut
University of Illinois at Ch icago
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cam bridge, New York, Melbo urne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo
Cam bridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Camb ridge CB2 2RU, UK
Published in the United States of Am erica by Cam bridge Un iversity Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/0521430186
© Cambridge University Press 1992
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing ag reemen ts,
no reproduction of any part may take place w ithout
the written permission of Cam bridge University Press.
First published 1992
Reprinted 1993 (twice), 1995, 1996 (twice), 1997,1999 (twice)
A catalogue record or this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN-10 0-521-43018-6 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-43610-9 paperback
Transferred to digital printing 2005
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F OR GR EGOR Y V LA STOS
19 7 1991
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C O N T E N T S
List of contributors page ix
Chronology xii
Abbreviations
xiii
1 Introduction to the study
of
Plato
i
RICHARD KRAUT
2 Plato: The intel lectual background 51
T H IRWIN
3 Stylometry and chronology 90
LEONARD BRANDWOOD
4 Socrates and the early dialogues 121
TERRY PENNER
5 Mathematical method and phi losophical t ruth 170
IAN MUELLER
6 Inquiry in the Meno 200
GAIL FINE
7 Plato and Greek religion 227
MICHAEL L MORGAN
V l l
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vi i i Contents
8 Platonic love
248
G . R F F E R R A R I
9 Plato 's metaphysical epistemology 277
NICHOLAS P WHITE
10 The defense of justice in Plato 's
Republic
311
RICHARD KRAUT
11 Plato
on
poetic creativity
338
ELIZABETH ASMIS
12 Good-bye to the Third M an 365
CONSTANCE C MEINWALD
13 Plato's Sophist
on
false state m en ts
397
MICHAEL FREDE
14 Disintegration and restoration: Pleasure and pain
in Plato 's Philebus
425
DOROTHEA FREDE
15 Plato's later political thought 464
TREVOR J SAUNDERS
Bibliography 493
Index
of
names
and
subjects
531
Index
of
passages
541
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C O N T R I B U T O R S
E L I Z A B E T H A S M I S is A ssocia te Professor of Classics at the U niver-
sity of Chicago. The author of
Epicurus Scientific Method
(Cornell
Un iversity Press, 1984) and nu m ero us articles on He llenistic philoso-
phy, she is curr ently w orkin g on G reek views of poetry from Plato to
the Neoplatonists .
L E O N A R D B R A N D W O O D is Lecturer in the Department of Greek
and Latin at Manchester University. He is the author of
A Word
Index to Plato
(W.
S
M ane y Son, 1976) and
The Chronology of
Plato s Dialogues (Cambridge University Press, 1990).
G. R . F . F ER R AR I is A ssoc iate Professor of Classics at the Un iversity
of California, Berkeley. H e is the au tho r of Listening to the Cicadas:
A Study of Plato s Phaedrus
(Cambridge University Press, 1987) and
of articles on Plato, the pre-Socratics, and archaic Greek culture.
G A I L F I N E
is Professor of Ph ilosop hy at Corn ell Un iversity. he is the
autho r of nu m ero us a rticles on the m etaphy sics and epistemology of
Plato and Aristotle. Her book O n Ideas: Aristotle s Criticism of
Plato s T heory of Forms
is to be pub lished by Oxford U nive rsity Press.
D O R O T H E A F R E D E is Professor of Philosophy at the University of
Hamburg. She is the author of Aristoteles und die Seeschlacht
(Vandenhoeck Ru precht, 1970) and has w ritten num ero us articles
on Plato, Aristotle, later Greek philosophy, and the philosophy of
M artin Heidegger. Her tran slation of Plato's
Philebus
is forthcoming
(Hackett Publishing Company).
M I C H A E L F R E D E is Professor of the History of Philosophy at Oxford
U nive rsity an d Fellow of Keble College. H e is the au tho r of Prddika-
IX
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x Contributors
tion und Existenzaussage
(Vandenhoeck Ru prech t, 1967),
Die
stoische Logik (Vandenhoec k Ru prec ht, 1974), and (with Giinthe r
Patzig) a translation of and commentary on Aristotle's Metaphysics
Z
(C.H. Beck, 1988). Some of his many papers on Plato, Aristotle,
Stoicism, Skepticism, ancient medicine, and ancient grammatical
theories have been collected in Essays in Ancient Philosophy (Uni-
versity of Minnesota Press and Oxford University Press, 1987).
T. H . 1 R W I N is Professor of Philosophy at Cornell University. He is
the author of
Plato s Moral Theory
(Clarendon Press, 1977),
Aris-
totle s First Principles
(Clarendon Press, 1988),
Classical Though t
(Oxford University Press, 1989), and translations of and commentar-
ies on Plato's Gorgias (Clarendon Press, 1979) and Aristotle's Nico-
machean Ethics (Hackett Publishing Company, 1985), as well as
numerous articles on Greek philosophy.
R I C H A R D K R A U T is Professor of Philosophy at the University of
Illinois at Chicag o. H e is the au tho r of Socrates and the State (Prince-
ton University Press, 1984) and
Aristotle on the Hum an Good
(Princeton University Press, 1989) and is currently writing a transla-
t ion of and com m enta ry on A ristot le 's Politics: Books VII and
VIII
C O N S T A N C E c . M E I N w A L D is A ssis tan t Professor of Philosoph y at
the U niversity of Illinois at C hicago. Th e autho r of
Plato s Parmen-
ides
(Oxford University Press, 1991), she is currently working on
Plato 's late m etaphy sics.
M I C H A E L L . M O R G A N is Professor of Philoso phy at Indiana U niver-
sity, Bloomington. He is the author of
Platonic Piety: Philosophy
and Ritual in Fourth-Cen tury Athens
(Yale U niv ers ity Press, 1990)
and has written numerous articles on Plato as well as on Jewish
thought.
I A N M U E L L E R is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Chi-
cago.
He is the au tho r of Philosophy of Ma thematics and Deductive
Structure in Euclid s Elemen ts (MIT Press, 1981), as w ell as num er-
ous articles on ancie nt G reek philosophy, science, and m ath em atic s.
He is currently p reparing a transla tion of Alexander of A phrodisias's
commentary on Aristot le 's
Prior Analytics.
T E R R Y P E N N E R is Professor of Philosop hy a t the Un ivers ity of W is-
consin, Madison. He is the author of
The Ascent from Nom inalism:
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Contributors xi
Some Existence Argum ents in Plato s Middle D ialogues (D. Reidel
Publishing Company, 1987) and is currently at work on a sequel to
that volume,
Plato and the Philosophers of Language.
He is also
preparing a study of the philosophy of Socrates.
T R E V O R j . S A U N D E R S is Professor of Greek at the University of
Newcastle upon Tyne. He has produced three volumes in the Pen-
guin Classics series: a translation of Plato's Laws (1970), a revision
of T. A. Sinclair's translation of Aristotle's
Politics
(1981), and (as
contributing editor)
Plato, Early Socratic Dialogues
(1987). He has
written numerous articles on the political philosophy of Plato and
Aristotle, and his latest book is Plato s Penal C ode (Clarendon Press,
1991 .
N I C H O L A S P . W H I T E is Professor of Philoso phy at the Univ ersity
of
Michigan. He is the author of Plato on Know ledge and Reality
(Hackett Publishing Company, 1976), A Com panion to Plato s Re-
public
(Hackett Publishing Company, 1979), and numerous articles
on Plato, Aristotle, and Stoicism. He is also the translator of
Epictetus's
Handbook
(Ha cke tt Pu blishin g Com pany, 1983), and his
translation of Plato's Sophist is forthcoming (Hackett Publishing
Company).
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HRONOLO Y
Plato s life*
427: born
Plato s writings*
c
- 399~
c
- 387: composes
early dialogues: Ap.
Chrm. Cri. Euphr. H.
Mi. Ion La. Pit.-
Euthd
Gig.
H.
Ma. Lys.
Menex. Rep. I.
c. 387-c. 367: composes
middle dialogues: Meno
Cra. Phd. Smp. Rep. II-
X, Phdr. Prm. Tht.
Other events
431-404: Pelopponesian
War
399:
death of Socrates
384: birth of Aristotle
c
- 365-347: composes
late dialogues: TL Criti.
Sph.
Pol Phil Laws
367: Aristotle joins
Academy
387: first visit to Sicily;
makes contact with
Pythagorean
philosophers; founds
Academy upon his return
to Athens
367-365: second visit to
Sicily, upon death of
Dionysius I of Syracuse;
involvement in
Syracusan politics ,
described in Seventh
Letter
361:
third visit to Sicily,
described in Seventh
Letter
347: dies
*For further information, see Chapter i, notes i, 3, 24, and 25.
+
For further information, see Chapter i, notes 16-18, 20, 21, 25, 39, 57, and 61.
X l l
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A B B R E V I A T I O N S
I. A N C I E N T A U T H O R S
A R I S T O P H A N E S
Acharn. Acharnians
A R I S T O T L E
Ath.
Pol. Constitution of the Athenians
De An. De Anima
Met. Metaphysics
N.E. Nicomachean Ethics
Poet Poetics
Soph. El. De Sophisticis Elenchis
Top. Topics
I S O C R A T E S
Antid Antidosis
Panath. Panathenaicus
O L Y M P I O D O R U S
Prol
Anonymous Prolegomena to the Philosophy o
Plato
PLATO
Ale.
Ap.
Chrm.
Cleit
Cra.
Cri.
Criti.
Alcibiades
Apology
Charmides
Cleitophon
Cratylus
Crito
Critias
X l l l
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X IV
Abbreviations
Epin.
Epist
Euphr
Euthd
Grg.
H. Ma.
H. Mi.
La.
Lys.
Menex.
Phd.
Phdr
Phil
Pol.
Prm.
Pit.
Rep.
Smp.
Sph.
Theag
Tht.
Ti.
Epinomis
Epistles (Letters)
Euthyphro
Euthydemus
Gorgias
Hippias Major
Hippias Minor
Laches
Lysis
Menexenus
Phaedo
Phaedrus
Philebus
Politicus (Statesman)
Parmenides
Protagoras
Republic
Symposium
Sophist
Theages
Theaetetus
Timaeus
S E X T U S E M P I R I C U S
A.M. Adversus Mathematicos
II. M O D E R N T E X TS
D.K.
O T
H. Diels and W. Kranz,
Die Fragmente der
Vorsokratiker, Seventh edition, 1954
Oxford Classical Texts