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Calf Management
Peter Wynn
Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney
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Careful management of the nutrition,health and wellbeing of the cow/heifer
will ensure the satisfactory delivery of a healthy calf.
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Causes of mortality at calving through still births and dystocia:
> in heifers: calves too large
> in fat cows/heifers: too much energy in diet
> with milk fever
> with negative energy balance
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AdrenalOvaries
SNS
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5.boosting specific immunity
Healthy calf rearing results from:1. adequate colostrum intake2. provision of a clean, dry and
comfortable environment3. meeting nutritional requirements4. minimising pathogen exposure
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Colostrum
Newborn calves need:
• 2 litres in first 6 hours• 4 litres in first 24 hours
Fed by:• bottle • stomach tube
Use colostrum fromfirst milking
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Inadequate colostrum intake in first 24 hours results in calves that are:• 9 times more likely to get sick• 5 times more likely to die
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Colostrum should be stored:
• in refrigerator for 7 days• frozen for weeks/months• in small containers (1-2 litres)
Store colostrum for each cow separately
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Poor
Good1.0321.0351.0401.056Spec Grav
5.04.43.92.7Lactose %5.04.43.96.7Fat %0.615.025.048.0IgG g/L2.53.84.34.8Casein %3.15.18.414.0Protein%12.914.117.923.9Solids%
milk321ItemMilking number
Colostrometer
Foley and Otterby, J of Dairy Science 61:1033 1978
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Growth factors
Response in cells
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2. Maintain a clean, dry, comfortable environment
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Contaminated environment leads to infections in uterus and calf
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Scours are a problem caused by:• exposure to manure• last for up to 28 days
Major pathogens are:
• E. coli,
• Salmonella,
• Rotavirus,
• Cryptosporidia, and
• Coronavirus.
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Keep calves separated to day 56 if possible
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Bull calves
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Pen in groups of 6-8 to day 42 and 16 calves to day 84
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• check pens for dampness, winds and proper shade if outdoors
In grouping calves:• provide adequate feed bunk space,• check access to water,
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What is wrong with this?
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In daily routines manage young animals firstand oldest animals last
Ensure pens are cleaned thoroughly after each batch
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Train staff in hygiene procedures
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3. Meeting nutritional requirements
RUMEN
ABOMASUM
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0.800.725.360 0.740.664.950 0.700.624.640 0.620.554.130
Fat fortified powder (CMR) per calf daily
kg
Whole milk powder per calf daily
kg
Whole milk per calf daily
litres
Liveweight of Calfkg
Weight of whole milk powder substitutes required per day
Up to 21% protein
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Make sure all young calves consume
their full quota of colostrum/milk
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Keep all feeding equipment perfectly clean
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Calving
0 4 28 42 56 112Days
Feed milk to 12% Bwt (4L); growth 200g/d. Increase solids to 12.5% but not milk volume
Offer calf starter ration in increasing amounts from 50g to 0.9 kg/day
Weaning
Calves grouped and feed best quality hay
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Milk
Milk and hay
Milk and grain
VFA
Course texture, 4% molasses18-21% protein, 12 MJ/kg DM
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16% protein
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Dehorning occurs when horn buds are apparent :
• Caustic chemicals as early as 7 days• Hot iron at 10-12 days• Gouge dehorner to 70 days,
Butnot at weaning
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4. Minimizing pathogen exposure
E coli Rotavirus
SalmonellaCryptosporidia
Coronavirus
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Scours
Dehydration
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Solution: Electrolyte replacementAvoid antibiotics where possible
RESIDUES
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Commercial electrolyte formulation:
• Balanced electrolytes and buffering agents – sodium,potassium, chloride and bicarbonate
• Vitamins and chelated trace minerals forimproved immune function;
• Live Microbials: 8 species beneficial colonizing microbials,
• Saccharides to feed beneficial bacteria;
• Contains specialized egg proteins;
• High quality dried whey and colostral milk proteins
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Calf scours caused by:• Poor maternity pen management,• Poor colostrum management,• Feeding calves milk from sick cows that has a high bacteria count,• Muddy pens,• Extremes in environmental conditions,• Irregular feeding schedules,• Feeding poor quality milk replacer,• Malnutrition,• Co-mingling calves of different age groups,• Poor equipment hygiene
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5.Boosting specific immunityMicroorganisms that can be vaccinated for include:
• enterotoxigenic E. coli, very effective in cow given 6 and 3 weeks pre-calving;- passive immunity
• rotavirus and
• coronavirus less effective
• clostridial diseases effective
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ParasitesCoccidiosis
Coccidia oocyst
Prevention: • maintain hygiene• include commercial coccidiostats
in feed
Liver fluke
Prevention:• drench calves• drain water toprevent snail vectorLiver fluke
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Happy calves will grow to be productive cows