Download - C5_Design
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
1/128
Human - Computer Interaction
Thit K H Tng Tc
Msc. Nguyn Minh [email protected]
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
2/128
Table of Content
Gii thiu chung
c t yu cu v phn tch nhim v
Thit k tng tc ngi dng my tnh
Kim th tnh tin dng v nh gi h thng
Qun l h thng tng tc
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
3/128
Gii thiu chung
Thit k l g ? Th no l mt thit k tt v mt thit k ti Cc nguyn tc cho tnh dng c (usability
principles)Quy trnh thit k phn mm Thit k tng tc l g ?Quy trnh thit k h tng tc
Cc m thc thit k (paradigms)
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
4/128
Thit k l g ?
Design is achieving goals with constraints Goals: Mc ch thit k to ra sn phm Sn phm cho i tng no Ti sao h li mun s dng n
Contraints
Phi s dng cc thit b g ? Cc chun m ta phi tun theo l g ? Gi thnh
Thi gian pht trin nh hng n sc khe, an ton
Trade-off
La chn gia mc ch v cc rng buc lm tt nhtnhim v t ra
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
5/128
Thit k l g ?
Thit k ti c mt khp mi ni
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
6/128
Trong mt phng ngh H Lan
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
7/128
Gim m thanh TV ca bn
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
8/128
Robinet
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
9/128
Th thoi (voice mail)
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
10/128
Hy k mt s v d v thit kti
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
11/128
Marble answering machine
Do Durrell Bipshop cu sinh vin cao hctrng Royal College of
Art in London thit k
L mt v d u tin vthit k tng tc trong
n c s kt ni haith gii vt l v thgii S
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
12/128
Marble answering machine
Cc tin nhn c lu tr
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
13/128
Marble answering machine
Ngi dng c th ty la chn tin nhn nghe theo th t bt k
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
14/128
Marble answering machine
Ngi dng phn loi cc tin nhn gi ti h.
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
15/128
Marble answering machine
Ngi dng gi li ngi li li nhn
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
16/128
Marble answering machine
Marble answering machine c g tt ?
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
17/128
Tractors
Early design
Terrain unsurfaced and rough hilly
Farmer works long hours
works quickly
narrow front
wheel base
Ima es from www.co.lawrence.tn.us and www.uni-ma debur .de
high center
of gravity
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
18/128
Tractors
Result
Quotes from National AG Safety Database
older tractorshave narrow front ends that areeasily upset
tractor upsets cause more fatalities than other farmaccidents
injuries often include a broken or crushed pelvis.Accident ima e from //www.osh.dol. ovt.nz/
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
19/128
Tractors
Used to be called drivers error
But
accidents less frequent as modern designs have
roll cage
low center of gravity
wider wheel bases
Tractor from www.historylink101.com
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
20/128
So what does this teach us?
Lesson 1 many failures of human-machine system result from
designs that dont recognize peoples capabilities andfallibilities
This leads to apparent machine misuse and humanerror
Lesson 2
good design always accounts for human capabilities.
How you can train yourself
look for examples of human error critique them for possible design error propose designs that limit / remove these errors
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
21/128
Psychopathology of everydaythings
Typical frustrations The engineer who founded DEC confessed at the
annual meeting that he cant figure out how to heata cup of coffee in the companys microwave oven
How many of you can program or useall aspects of your
digital watch?
VCR? sewing machine?washer and dryer? stereo system cell phones?
Slide idea from Donald Norman
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
22/128
Remote Controls
The phone rings hit pause
Slide idea from Jacob Nielsen Alertbox March 15, 2004
Pioneer DVD Remote
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
23/128
Remote Controls
The phone rings hit pause
Why is it easier?
big button easier to hit (Fitts Law) visually distinctive (color)
reasonably different from other buttons
shape and central position means its easy tofind by feel in zero light conditions
TiVo designed for usability
part of early product development
Slide idea from Jacob Nielsen Alertbox March 15, 2004
TiVo DVR Remote
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
24/128
Remote Controls
But of course Ill just learn it quickly
cable box digital video recorder DVD television audio amplifier VCR
six remote controls required to operate a modest home theaterPhoto + caption from Jacob Nielsens Alertbox June 7, 2004
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
25/128
Still more pathological examples
Modern telephone systems standard number pad
two additional buttons * and #
Problem many hidden functions
operations and outcome completely invisible
*72+number = call forwardcan I remember that combination? if I enter it, how do I know it caught?how can I remember if my phone is still forwarded?
Ok, Ill read the manualbut what does call parkmean? what's a link?where is that manual anyway?
Phone operation for the University of Calgary phone system
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
26/128
Still more pathological examples
VCRs, camcorders, fax machines, ... most people learn only basic functions
most functionality goes untouched
12:00
01 02 03 04
05 06 07 08
13 14 15 16
09 10 11 12
memorytrans
delayedtrans
delayedpolling polling
confd
transrelay
broadca report
+ D.T. Tone
space clear
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
* 0 #
R
Pause
HOLD
CODED DIAL/DIRECTORY
V ^
< >
PRINTER
ON LINE
PRINTER ERROR
HS HQ
PRINT MODE
SHQ
PRINTER
INTERFACE
Canon
Fax-B320
Bubble Jet Facsimile
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
27/128
Whats the altitude?
Early days (< 1000):only one needleneeded
0
9 1
2
3
46
7
8
5
As ceilings increased over1000
small needle added
< 10,000
> 10,000
As they increased beyond10,000
box indicated 10,000increment through colorchange
Slide ideas from David Hill
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
28/128
Tape altimeter
Human factors test showed:
eliminated reading errors
was faster to read
But not in standard use!Why?
14000
15000
16000
17000
18000
900
000
100
200
300
400
500
600
reference
line
independentmovement
Slide ideas from David Hill
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
29/128
Useful but
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
30/128
Useful but
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
31/128
Useful but
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
32/128
Useful but
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
33/128
Useful but
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
34/128
Useful but
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
35/128
Useful but
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
36/128
Design of everyday things
Summary so far: many so-called human errors are actually errors in design
human factors became important as human performance limitationsreached when handling complex machinery
You will soon know these important concepts for designingeveryday things perceived affordances
causality
visible constraints
mapping
transfer effects
idioms & population stereotypes
conceptual models
individual differences
why design is hard
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
37/128
Perceived Affordance
The perceived properties of the object thatsuggest how one could use it
Many concepts in this section are adapted from Don Normans book: The Design of Everyday Things
chairs are for sittingtable for placing things on
knobs are for turning
buttons are
for pressing
slots are for inserting
handles are for turning
computer forswitch for toggling
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
38/128
Perceived Affordances
Product design perceived affordances:
design invites people to take possible actions
actual affordances:
the actual actionable properties of the product
Problems occur when
these are not the same,
peoples perceptions are not what thedesigner expects
In-depth discussion available at www.jnd.org/dn.mss/affordances-and-design.html
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
39/128
Perceived Affordances
Handles for lifting
Mirrors for not touching
Knobs for turning
Surface for placing transparencies
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
40/128
Perceived Affordance Problems
Handles for liftingbends frame, focus distorted
Mirrors for not touchingpeople dont reposition image
Surface for placing transparencieswhich way is up?
Knobs for turningfocus or image position?
what about this?
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
41/128
Perceived Affordances
GUI design perception only through visuals
designer creates appropriate visual affordances via
familiar idioms
metaphors
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
42/128
Perceived Affordances
sliders for
sliding
dials forturning
music console
for controlling
music
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
43/128
Perceived Affordance Problems
are these
buttons?
is this equalizer control atoggle or button?
button for pressing,but action unknown
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
44/128
Perceived Affordance Problems
A button is for pressing,
but what does it do?Is this a
graphic or a
control?
text is for editing, but it doesnt do it.
Visual affordances for
window controls are missing!
IBM Real Phone
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
45/128
Perceived Affordance Problems
IBM Real Phone
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
46/128
Perceived Affordance Problems
Handles are for lifting,but these are for scrolling!
Complex things may need explaining butsimple things should not
when simple things need labels & instructions, then design has failed
AudioRack 32, a multimedia applicaiton
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
47/128
Visible Constraints
Limitations of the actions possible perceived fromobjects appearance provides people with a range of usage possibilities
Push or pull? Which side? Can only push,side to push clearly visible
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
48/128
Which side do you use for cutting?
Photograph courtesy of www.baddesigns.com
Vi ibl t i t E t i
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
49/128
Visible constraints: Entering aDate
The more constraints, the less opportunity forerror
particularly important for managing user input
Controls constructed in Visual Basic
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
50/128
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
51/128
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
52/128
Mapping
The set of possible relations between objects
Control-display compatibility
the natural relationship between controls and
displays e.g., visual mapping of stove controls to elements
back
right
front
left
back
left
front
right
24 possibilities, requires:-visible labels + memory
arbitrary
back front front back
2 possibilities per side=4 total possibilities
paired full mapping
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
53/128
Mapping
Control-display compatibility mimic diagrams for feedback / control imitates
physical layout
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
54/128
Mapping
Control-display compatibility cause and effect
steering wheel-turn left, car turns left
scroll bar scroll downviewport goes down
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
55/128
Mapping
Palette controls and active objects
Only controls that can
operate on a picture are
fully visible
Selected picture
Others are grayed out
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
56/128
Depressed button
indicates current
mapped item
Cursor re-enforces
selection of current
item
Microsoft Paint
Mapping
Action feedback
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
57/128
Mapping Problems
Photograph courtesy of www.baddesigns.com
Move cabinet
Mapping:suggests itshould openthe drawer but doesnt
Affordance:handle is for pulling
Quick, open the top drawer
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
58/128
Mapping Problems
Photograph courtesy of www.baddesigns.com
Mappingambiguous
Where do you plug in the mouse?
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
59/128
Causality
the thing that happens right after an action isassumed by people to be caused by that action
interpretation of feedback
false causality
incorrect effect invoking unfamiliar function just as computer hangs
causes superstitious behaviors
invisible effectcommand with no apparent result often re-entered
repeatedly
e.g., mouse click to raise menu on unresponsive system
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
60/128
LViewPro
Causality Problems
Effects visible only after Exec button is pressed Ok does nothing!
awkward to find appropriate color level
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
61/128
Transfer Effects
People transfer their learning/expectations ofsimilar objects to the current objects
positive transfer: previous learning's also apply to newsituation
negative transfer: previous learning's conflict with thenew situation
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
62/128
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
63/128
Transfer Effect Problems
Photograph courtesy of www.baddesigns.com
A Restaurant in Santa Barbara
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
64/128
Transfer Effect Problems
How does knowing MSPaint help you in Photoshop? e.g. rectangular control
Idioms and Population
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
65/128
Idioms and PopulationStereotypes
Interface idioms: standard interface features we learnt, use and remember
Idioms may define arbitrary behaviours red means danger
green means safe
Population stereotypes: Idioms vary in different cultures Light switches
America: down is off Britain: down is on
Faucets America: anti-clockwise on Britain: anti-clockwise off
Idioms and Population
http://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kidsquartersonline.com/singl%2520wall%2520hangings/70500%2520traffic%2520light.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.kidsquartersonline.com/DD%2520road_work.htm&h=319&w=235&sz=19&tbnid=OlaJS0V5uywJ:&tbnh=112&tbnw=83&start=23&prev=/images%3Fq%3DTraffic%2Blight%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DNhttp://images.google.ca/imgres?imgurl=http://www.kidsquartersonline.com/singl%2520wall%2520hangings/70500%2520traffic%2520light.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.kidsquartersonline.com/DD%2520road_work.htm&h=319&w=235&sz=19&tbnid=OlaJS0V5uywJ:&tbnh=112&tbnw=83&start=23&prev=/images%3Fq%3DTraffic%2Blight%26start%3D20%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN -
5/21/2018 C5_Design
66/128
Idioms and PopulationStereotypes
Ignoring/changing idioms? home handyman
light switches installed upside down
calculators vs. phone number padswhich did computer keypads follow and why?
Difficulty of changing stereotypes
Qwerty keyboard: designed to prevent jamming ofkeyboard
Dvorak keyboard (30s): provably faster to use
Images from www.atarimagazines.com/v5n11/dvorakkeyboard.html
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
67/128
Cultural associations
A Mac user finds a Windows system onlysomewhat familiar
Apple MacPaint and Microsoft Paint
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
68/128
Conceptual model
People have mental models of how things work, builtfrom
affordances
causality
constraints
mapping
positive transfer
population stereotypes/cultural standards
instructions
interactions
models allow people to mentally simulate operation ofdevice
models may be wrong
particularly if above attributes are misleading
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
69/128
Donald Norman Design of Everyday Things, Basic Books
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
70/128
Donald Norman Design of Everyday Things, Basic Books
d l i
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
71/128
Good example: Scissors
affordances: holes for something to be inserted
constraints: big hole for several fingers, small hole for thumb
mapping: between holes and fingers suggested and constrained by appearance
positive transfer and cultural idioms learnt when young
constant mechanism
conceptual model: implications clear of how the operating parts work
d l i i l h
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
72/128
Bad example: Digital watch
affordances: four push buttons to push, but not clear what they will do
constraints and mapping unknown no visible relation between buttons, possible actions and end result
transfer of training little relation to analog watches
cultural idiom somewhat standardized core controls and functions
but still highly variable
conceptual model: must be learnt
Designing a good conceptual
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
73/128
Designing a good conceptualmodel
communicate model through visual image visible affordances, mappings, and constraints
visible causality of interactions
cultural idioms, transfer
instructions augments visuals
all work together to remind a person of what canbe done and how to do it Design
Model
Designer
User's model
User
System
System
image
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
74/128
Who do you design for?
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
75/128
Who do you design for?
Wh d d i f ?
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
76/128
Who do you design for?
People are different It is rarely possible to accommodate all people perfectly design often a compromise
ceiling height: 8 but tallest man: 8' 11"!
Rule of thumb: cater to 95% of audience (5th or 95th percentile)
but means 5% of population may be (seriously!) compromised
designing for the average a mistake
may exclude half the audience
Examples: cars and height: headroom, seat size
computers and visibility:
font size, line thickness, color for color-blind people?
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
77/128
Mean and
50th percentile
Proverbs on individual
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
78/128
o e bs o d duadifferences
You do notnecessarily represent a good averageuser of equipment or systems you design
Do not expect others to think and behave as you
do, or as you might like them to.
People vary in thought and behaviour just asthey do physically
Wh d d i f ?
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
79/128
Who do you design for?
novices walk up and use systemsinterface affords restricted set of tasks
introductory tutorials to more complex uses
casual standard idioms
recognition (visual affordances) over recallreference guidesinterface affords basic task structure
intermediate advanced idiomscomplex controlsreminders and tips
interface affords advanced tasks
expert shortcuts for power useinterface affords full task + task customization
most shrink-
wrapped
systems
most kiosk +internet
systems
custom
software
Wh d i i h d
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
80/128
Why design is hard
Over the last century
the number of things to control has increaseddramatically
car radio: AM, FM1, FM2, 5 pre-sets, station selection,balance, fader, bass, treble, distance, mono/stereo,dolby, tape eject, fast forward and reverse, etc (whiledriving at night!)
display is increasingly artificial
red lights in car indicate problems vs flames for fire
feedback more complex, subtle, and less natural
is your digital watch alarm on and set correctly?
Why design is hard
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
81/128
Why design is hard
Marketplace pressures
adding functionality (complexity) now easy andcheap
computers
adding controls/feedback expensive
physical buttons on calculator, microwave ovenwidgets consume screen real estate
design usually requires several iterations beforesuccess
product pulled if not immediately successful
Why design is hard
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
82/128
Why design is hard
People consider cost and appearance over design bad design not always visible
people tend to blame themselves when errors occur
I was never very good with machines I knew I should have read the manual! Look at what I did! Do I feel stupid!
eg the new wave of cheap telephones:
accidentally hangs up when button hit with chinbad audio feedback cheap pushbuttonsmis-dials common trendy designs that are uncomfortable to hold
hangs up when dropped
Human factors in computing
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
83/128
p gsystems
What does this do?
computers far more complex to control than everyday devices general purpose computer contains no natural conceptual model completely up to the designer to craft a conceptual model
What you now know
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
84/128
What you now know
Many human errors are actually errors in design dont blame the user!
Designers help by providing a good conceptual model affordances
causality constraints
mapping
positive transfer
population stereotypes and idioms
Design to accommodate individual differences decide on the range of users
Design is difficult for reasons that go beyond design
Interface Design and Usability Engineering
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
85/128
Articulate:
who users are
their key tasks
User andtaskdescriptions
Goals:
Methods:
Products:
Brainstormdesigns
Taskcenteredsystemdesign
Participatorydesign
User-centereddesign
Evaluatetasks
Psychology ofeverydaythings
Userinvolvement
Representation& metaphors
low fidelityprototypingmethods
Throw-awaypaperprototypes
Participatoryinteraction
Task scenariowalk-through
Refineddesigns
Graphicalscreendesign
Interfaceguidelines
Styleguides
high fidelityprototyping
methods
Testableprototypes
Usabilitytesting
Heuristicevaluation
Completeddesigns
Alpha/betasystems orcompletespecification
Fieldtesting
Tnh dng c
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
86/128
Tnh dng c
Mt thit k tt cn m bo tnhdng c
Nguyn tc ca tnh dng c
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
87/128
Nguyn tc ca tnh dng c
[Nielson-1993] Tnh hiu qu Tnh d hc Tnh d nh
Tnh d on li p ng tnh ch quan
3 tiu ch chnh: Tnh d hc (Learnability)
Tnh mm do (Flexibility) Tnh vng chc (Robustness)
Tnh d hc
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
88/128
Tnh d hc
Cho php ngi dng mi thiu kinh nghim C th s dng V s dng t hiu qu ti a
Th hin cc tnh cht sau Tnh d on Tnh tng hp Tnh khi qut
Tnh nht qun
D on
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
89/128
D on
Da vo tri thc bit xc nh cc tngtc mi v d bo kt qu V d 1: V d 2: trong thit k
D hc
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
90/128
D hc
Tnh tng hp
Tnh d on ch tp trung vo kh nng xc nh ccng tc tip theo da vo ci qua
Tnh tng hp cho php hnh thnh m hnh v hnh vica h thng t mt chui cc tng tc trc
Tnh thn thin c o bi s tng h gia tri thc ang tn ti v tri
thc cn c thc hin tng tc c hiu qu V d: trong cng ngh son tho vn bn, co s tng t
gia bn phm ca my ch v my tnh
D hc
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
91/128
D hc
Tnh khi qut Tnh khi qut l tnh cht cho php ngi dng m
rng tri thc t mt ng dng c th sang mt tnhhung tng t d bo m hnh tng tc honthin hn
V d: Trong mt gi ha: hnh vung l hnh chnht c rng buc; trong h thng window, thao tcct-dn p dng cho mi i tng
Tnh nht qun: hnh vi tng t trong cc tnh hung tng t
Mm do
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
92/128
Mm do
i thoi ch nga lungDi tr nhim v Thay th C nhn ha
Mm do
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
93/128
Mm do
i thoi ch ng: Kiu i thoi u tin h thng
H thng ch ng mi i thoiNgi dng n thun p ng cc yu cu
V d: cc hp thoi ngn cm ND a thng tin trctip vo
Kiu i thoi u tin ngi dng ND hon ton ch ng i thoi
Tuy nhin vic ch ng s lm mt vt ca cc nhimv m ngi dng ch ng ngh m cha chon thnh
Mm do
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
94/128
Mm do
a lung Mt lung l mt phn ca i thoi c lin quan n
mt nhim v no a lung cho php h tr nhiu hn mt nhim v
ti mt thi im C hai c trng ca a lung
Nhiu knh c th cho php thc hin mt nhim vM ca s = nhn kp chut trn mt biu tng; dng
phm nng; ni hy m ca s
Mt biu din n c th to bng cch trn cc knhH thng cnh bo = ca s cnh bo + sound (bipbip)
Mm do
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
95/128
Mm do
Di tr nhim v Chuyn iu khin thc hin nhim v gia ngi
dng v h thng V d:
Kim tra li chnh t ca vn bniu khin bay trong bung li
Thay th Tp cc gi tr tng ng c th thay th cho nhau
ty theo ng dng V d: trong la chn v kch thc: cm, inch, point
Mm do
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
96/128
Mm do
C nhn ha Tnh thay i t ng m h thng mun thc hin
da vo tri thc ca n v ngi dng V d: ngi dng c th thay i nh nn, tn, phm
nng m mnh thch / hay s dng
Vng chc
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
97/128
Vng chc
Tnh quan st (Observability) Tnh khi phc (Recoverability) Tnh p ng (Responsiveness) Tnh tng hp nhim v (Task conformance)
Vng chc
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
98/128
Vng chc
Tnh quan st (Observability) Cho php ngi dng nh gi c trng thi bn
trong ca h thng nh biu din cm nhn ctrn giao tip
Tnh khi phc (Recoverability) Ngi dng gy li v mun sa li Tnh khi phc l kh nng t ti ch mong mun
sau khi nhn ra mt s li trong cc tng tc trcKhi phc kiu tin: Chp nhn trng thi hin ti,
m phn t trng thi tin v trng thi chKhi phc kiu li: th b i nh hng ca cc tng
tc trc v
Vng chc
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
99/128
Vng chc
Tnh p ng o vn tc giao tip gia ngi dng v my tnh Thi gian p ng l thi gian cn thit thay i
trng thi Mong mun: p ng tc th, tuy nhin h thng
phi c thng bo nhn c yu cu v ang xl
Tnh tng hp nhim v H thng khi thit k m bo p ng y cc
yu cu trong c t Tuy nhin h thng nn c kh nng cho php ngi
dng nh ngha cc nhim v mi
Cc m thc ca tnh dng c
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
100/128
Cc m thc ca tnh dng c
M thc phn chia thi gian (Time Sharing) Cc thit b hin th quan st Cc cng c lp trnh My tnh c nhn
H thng Windows v giao din WIMP Cnh tr iu khin trc tip Ngn ng ngc vi hnh ng
Siu vn bn a th thc WEB
Giao tip da vo tc t
Ti sao cn nghin cu cc mh
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
101/128
thc ? Lin quan n vic thit k cc h thng tng
tc
Cc h thng phi c thit k th no m botnh dng c
Tnh dng c c nh gi nh th no ? C o
c hay khng ? Cc h tng tc c thit k thnh cng
cho php cung cp m thc cho vic pht trincc h tng tc trong tng lai
Xy dng cc h tng tc tin dng hn cch tng tc v ang tn ti
Tho lun v cc vn lin quan nhm ci tinthit k cc h tng tc
X l theo l
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
102/128
X l theo l
Giai on: 1950s 1960s X l theo l: tp lnh c lu trn ba hay
bng giy sau np vo my tnh Nhc im: Ti mt thi im, ch chy mt chng trnh ca
mt ngi s dng Kh s dng, vng, cng knh, khng d bo c
Phn chia thi gian (timeh i )
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
103/128
sharing)
Xut hin vo nhng nm 1960s IBM 360, SDS 940, PDP-10
Cho php chia s ti nguyn tnh ton cho nhiu ngi sdng (Multi-users) C ch lp lch cho php cc nhim v s c thi hnh Lu v chuyn i trng thi ngi s dng v trng thi
chng trnh ca h Gn time slots cho mi cng vic: Job1: 0-5; Job 2: 5-10;
Job 3: 10-15
u im: so vi x l theo l (batch processing) Gia tng lng thng tin gia ngi dng v my tnh Cho php ngi dng tch cc hn v c tng tc kp thi
Thit b hin th quan st (VDU)
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
104/128
Thit b hin th quan st (VDU)
Giai on: gia nhng nm 1950s- c ng dng u tin trong qun s Chng trnh Sketchpad (Ivan Sutherland, 1962) Ln u tin cho php biu din thng tin dng nh ln
trn thit b Cho php ngi dng s dng my tnh to mt cch
nhanh chng cc m hnh trc quan, tinh vi trn mn hnhhin th
ngha: My tnh c s dng m rng kh nng ca con
ngi thng qua vic hin th v iu khin cc biu dinkhc nhau ca cng mt thng tin
tng sng to trong lch s pht trin my tnh
The first sketchpad [IvanS th l d 1962]
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
105/128
Sutherland,1962]
http://mugtug.com/sketchpad/
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
106/128
http://mugtug.com/sketchpad/
Cc b cng c lp tr
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
107/128
Cc b cng c lp tr
Douglas Engelbarts Augmenting Human Intellect,1962 The secret to producing computing equipment that aids
human problem-solving ability is providing the right toolkit
Engelbart v cc ng s xut cn pht trin mt b
cng c lp trnh lm c s cho vic pht trin cc h thngphc tp hn u im: Cc thnh phn nh khi c thit k tt v c hiu mt
cch thu o s cho php to ra cc cng c ln hn Mt khi b cng c ln hn c hiu r, n s cho php
to ra cc b cng c ln hn na v c th tip tc
M thc iu khin trc tip
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
108/128
t c u t c t p
Nguyn l: Tnh nhn thy c ca i tng quan tm: Gia tng hot ng vi phn hi nhanh chng ca
mi hnh ng
Khuyn khch ngi dng khm ph m khng phicc hu qu nng n Mi hnh ng c c php chnh xc Thay th ngn ng dng lnh bi vic iu khin trc
tip cc i tng nhn thy c
V d
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
109/128
Giao din: ko th mt filevo thng rc thay v sdng lnh rm ? (V sao litt hn)Mt s lnh vc ng dngca iu khin trc tip Tr chi Hin th, Mphng Hin thc o(C ch, gng tay) v.v
Giao tip da vo tc t
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
110/128
p
V d Tc t th tn lm nhim v lc th Tc t web d tm cc trang web Excel: tc t tnh tng ca cc s
u im C th thay th cc hot ng ca ngi dng
thc hin mt s nhim v
Quy trnh thit k phn mm
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
111/128
Q y p
Cc m hnh vng i ca phn mm M hnh thc nc M hnh vng i phn mm ca Bohem M hnh vng i hnh sao
M hnh thc nc
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
112/128M hnh Boherm
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
113/128M hnh sao
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
114/128Thit k tng tc
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
115/128
g
nh ngha: Designing interactive products tosupport people in their everyday and workinglives
Thit k tng tc cng lmvic
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
116/128
vic
Quy trnh Thit k HTT
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
117/128
Q y
Ngi dng mun g
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
118/128
g g g
Ngi dng mun g
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
119/128
Requirements Whats wanted ? Cc phng php thc hin Phng vn Videotaping
Tm kim v tra cu ti liu v vn lin quan Quan st trc tip
Phn tch
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
120/128Phn tch
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
121/128
Phn tch: Cc kt qu thu nhn c t pha xcnh nhu cu s c sp xp theo cch thc no a ra cc vn chnh v trao i vi cckhu sau ca qu trnh thit k
Cc phng php: Xy dng kch bn Phn tch tc nhim
Thit k
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
122/128Thit k
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
123/128
Thit k: Mc d tt c quy trnh l thit k Tuy nhin: y l khu trng yu ca qu trnh
Cc phng php thit k da trn:
Lut tng tc Nguyn l thit k Guidelines
To mu th
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
124/128To mu th
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
125/128
Vng lp v thit k mu th: Con ngi l phc tp Chng ta khng ch i c th c mt thit k hon
ho ngay ln u tin
V th cn phi nh gi xem sn phm mu tc nh th no v ch no c th ci thin c
Cc phng php da trn: K thut nh gi
Thu nhn thng tin phn hi t ngi dng th
Ci t v trin khai
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
126/128Ci t v trin khai
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
127/128
Ci t v khai thc: Sau khi hi lng vi vic thit k chng ta i vo
ci t v trin khai sn phm
Cc cng vic cn thc hin
Writing Codes Making harwares
Writing documents, manuals
Summary
-
5/21/2018 C5_Design
128/128
SV nm bt c Thit k l g Thit k tt/ti Cc nguyn l ca tnh dng c
Cc m thc tng tc Quy trnh pht trin phn mm Thit k tng tc