![Page 1: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
By Howard Alpert, July 2003 [email protected]
![Page 2: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
PURPOSE
The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity.
You are to work alone and to follow the readings both in this activity and in the links which are part of it.
Your task is to answer a series of questions which are posted after the readings.
Go back to the readings or follow the links to find the answers to the questions.
Write the answers to the questions in the space provided, print it out and hand it in.
![Page 3: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
TEACHERS’ PAGE
This lesson is intended as an introduction to radioactivity and radiation.
Students are to work independently to use both the slides and the web resources to find answers to the questions posed.
Students are to transfer this site into their personal folders and fill in their own answers.
Upon completing the questions, students are to hand in the typewritten answers.
![Page 4: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
READ THE FOLLOWING SLIDES AND FOLLOW THE LINKS TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW:
1.a. What is the difference between radiation and radioactivity?
1.b. What is radiation?
1.c. Is all radiation harmful?
1.d. Give two examples of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation
http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/atom.htm
Idaho State University, Radiation Information Network
http://www.umich.edu/~radinfo/introduction/lesson/rads%26rads.html
University of Michigan, Health Physics Society, “Radiation and Radioactivity”
![Page 5: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Radiation and RadioactivityRadiation and Radioactivity
• Radiation: Energy in transit, either particulate or electromagnetic in nature
• Radioactivity: The characteristic of various materials to emit ionizing radiation
• Ionization: The removal of electrons from an atom. The essential characteristic of high energy radiations when interacting with matter.
![Page 6: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Non-Ionizing RadiationDoes not have enough energy to remove
electrons from surrounding atoms
![Page 7: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Electromagnetic Waves
Energy waves, ranging from the low energy radio to high energy gamma
Characterized by: Height (amplitude)
Length between wave peaks (wave length)
![Page 8: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ionizing Electromagnetic Radiation
These radiations do have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms
Examples:
X-rays
Gamma rays
![Page 9: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Types of RadiationTypes of Radiation
Alpha
Beta
Gamma and X-rays
Neutron
Paper Plastic Lead Concrete
10n
![Page 10: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
UNSTABLE atoms emit energy
RF wave infrared visible uv x-ray -ray cosmic
low energylow energy high energyhigh energy
non-ionizingnon-ionizing ionizing radiationionizing radiation
![Page 11: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
VIEW THE FOLLOWING SLIDES AND FOLLOW THE LINKS TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW:
1.a. What is a nucleon?
1.b. What is an A.M.U.?
1.c. What happens to the atomic mass number in a radioactive substance?
1.d. Name three radioactive elements, list the number of protons, neutrons and electrons
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/atoms/slides/sld001.htm
“Introduction to the atom,”Frostburg State College, Pennsylvania, Dr. Frederick Senese. Especially slide 12
http://homepages.ius.edu/GKIRCHNE/Chem.htm
![Page 12: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Atoms
The building blocks of all matter
Made up of protons and neutrons and electrons.
Almost all atoms are very stable
Some may have too much energy and be radioactive.
![Page 13: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
basic particles of the atom:PROTONS, NEUTRONS, ELECTRONS
There are stable and unstable atoms
![Page 14: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Elements An element is the smallest amount
of a substance that still exhibits the properties of that substance.
Elements are classified by the number of protons in each atom, and can be arranged in order in the Periodic Chart.
![Page 15: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Molecules and Compounds
Atoms group together or bond to each other forming molecules and compounds.
Examples water (2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen atoms)sugar (6 carbon, 12 hydrogen and 6
oxygen atoms)
![Page 16: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Three States of Matter
• Solid: Solids are items don't change their shapes like rocks, wood and ice.
• Liquid: Liquids flow, like water, alcohol and glass
• Gas: Gases are free flowing, like air, oxygen and steam.The difference between each is the amount of energy the molecules have
![Page 17: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
VIEW THE FOLLOWING SLIDES AND FOLLOW THE LINKS TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS BELOW:
1.a. Name six sources of ionizing radiation that affect you.
1.b. What is the largest source of ionizing radiation that strikes you?
1.c. Name three things you could do to reduce your exposure to ionizing radiation?
1.d. Why are people who live in Denver have more exposure to ionizing radiation than people who live in New Jersey?
http://www.uic.com.au/ral.htm
Eric J. Hall, “Uranium and Life”, Uranium Information Centre, Melbourne, Australia
http://www.hps.org/publicinformation/radfactsheets/index.html
Health Physics Society, Fact Sheets
![Page 18: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sources of Annual Radiation Dose
Radon 55%
Cosmic8%
Terrestrial8%
Internal11%
MedicalX-Rays11%
NuclearMedicine4%
ConsumerProducts (3%)
Other (<1%)Occupational 0.3%Fallout <0.3%Nuclear Fuel Cycle 0.1%Miscellaneous 0.1%
![Page 19: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
mrem
Manufactured sources of radiation contribute 60 mrem/year
cigarette smoking - 1300 mrem
round trip US by air
5 mrem per trip
building materials - 3.6
fallout < 1
smoke detectors - 0.0001
medical - 53
mrem
mrem
mrem
![Page 20: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Alpha Radiation Only a hazard when inside your body
(internal hazard)
can’t penetrate skin
internal hazard
stopped by paper
found in soil, radon and other radioactive materials
![Page 21: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Beta Radiation Hazards
skin, eye and internal hazard
stopped by plastic
found in natural food, air and water
![Page 22: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
stopped by lead
naturally present in soil and cosmic radiation found in medical
uses
X Ray and gamma Ray radiation
Penetrating and external hazard
![Page 23: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Neutron particles have no chargepenetrate deep into the body
![Page 24: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Radiation Versus Radioactive Contamination
• Radiation: particles or waves of energy emitted from unstable atoms.
Radioactive Contamination: radioactive material usually in any location you do not want it.
![Page 25: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Background / Manufactured Radiation In the U.S. -- 360 mrem per Year
cosmic - 28
diet - 40
terrestrial - 28
radon - 200
![Page 26: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The AtomThe AtomProtons 1
1p(1.007276 amu)
Neutrons 10n
(1.008665 amu)Electrons(0.0005486 amu)
Neon-20 2010Ne
(19.992434 amu)
![Page 27: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Alpha Particle(Helium Nucleus)(4.00147 amu)
Alpha DecayAlpha Decay
Parent NucleusAm-241U-238Th-232Ra-226
Daughter NucleusNp-237Th-234Ra-228Rn-222
![Page 28: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Beta (Negatron) DecayBeta (Negatron) Decay
Parent NucleusRhenium-187Potassium-40
Daughter NucleusOsmium-187Calcium-40
Beta Particle(electron)
Antineutrino
![Page 29: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Gamma-Ray EmissionGamma-Ray Emission
Gamma Ray
Parent NucleusCesium-137Molybdenum-99
Daughter NucleusBarium-137mTechnetium-99m
![Page 30: By Howard Alpert, July 2003 halpert@mail.org. PURPOSE The purpose of this activity is to introduce you to the world of radioactivity. You are to work](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062518/56649e155503460f94b0028c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Ionizing Radiation - can deposit energy in neighboring atoms
resulting in the removal of electrons.