By: Adrian Kano
Ryan HagstromJay Jang
Ron Reyes
A phase or a mixture of phases which has certain characteristics in a microstructure
Microconstituents are created from different types of heat treatments
All the phases are known by specific names Iron-Carbide or Cementite (Fe3C) Ferrite Austenite Delta-ferrite Liquid phase or the liquid solution of Fe and C
Eutectoid Steel is harder than pure iron Hypoeutectoid steel is as hard but more
ductile Hypereutectoid steel is brittle
Annealing, Quenching, and Tempering. Lower Temperatures allow for a smaller
number of nuclei. Shape Memory Effect.
727 degrees Celsius Quenching to a slightly lower
temperature lowers the driving force of ferrite and cementite nucleation.
Consequently, the time span for ferrite and cementite nucleation is longer.
Pearlite start time (Ps) Austentite transforms into Ferrite and
Cementite platelets. Pearlite finish time (Pf) High temperature means that the
diffusion is fast. The pearlite will be coarse and the
hardness will be low.
If quenched to a lower temperature than the nucleation time is shorter.
The diffusion distances are also smaller. Pearlite will then be finer and the
hardness will be higher.
If quenching is lowered even further… Bainite Start time (Bs) Bainite Finish time (Bf) Quenched higher= Coarser, Softer, More
Ductile Quenched lower= Finer, Harder, Less
Ductile
Quenched below 220 degrees Celsius. Skips Bainite and Pearlite. Hardest of the 4. Most brittle. Transforms structure. Tempering must be applied.
Causes precipitation of equilibrium ferrite in which very fine cementite particles are dispersed.
Results in increased ductility at the expense of hardness.
For Martensitic steel tempering between 450 and 600 degrees Celsius is typically used.
Influences the martensitic transformation.
Changes the rate at which the piece is cooled.
Rate is doubled by stirring.
They effect the rate of transformation as well as the hardness.
If a thick part is quenched from austenite then…
May result in quench cracks.
Alloying elements such as Mn, Si, Ni, Cu, Mo, and V into steel favorably alter the properties.
Usually under 1 percent. 1st hardenability. 2nd shift in eutectoid
composition. 3rd decrease in eutectoid
temperature. 4th martensitic start and
finish temperatures are reduced.
5th tempering time is reduced.
Stainless steel is steel that contains an addition of at least 12 percent chromium.
Keeps the steel from corroding or rusting.
Chinese began manufacturing cast iron 3000 years ago.
Enabled the melting temperature to be reduced to around 1150 degrees Celsius.
Which gave us a liquid metal that could be effectively cast.
Raw Cast Iron is called Pig iron.(the material that flows out of a blast furnace)
Contains carbon above 2.11 percent. For practical uses 2.5 to 4.5 percent carbon is used.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Used more because it is the least expensive metallic material of all.
Also, has the ability to dampen mechanical vibrations.
Frequently used in the bodies of heavy machines that require vibration reduction.
Flows easily when molten. Allowing the casting intricate shapes.
Barely shrinks after casting.
Very brittle, though hard.
Very weak in tension. Should never be
used in the creation of tools. Especially hammers.
Will shatter when exposed to a blow.
Contains 1 to 3 mass percent silicon. If the Si concentration is lowered or the
cooling rate is increased, the decomposition of the cementite into graphite and ferrite is incomplete and the graphite is then surrounded by cementite.
Graphite precipitates in spherical particles that are imbedded in Pearlite
When heated it will increase ductility
Another type of cast iron which is hard and brittle
The surface contains the hard phase whereas the interior transforms into gray cast iron
Ductility increases by heating in an inert atmosphere
This results in a high strength and fair ductility
1. What is a microconstituent?2. What is the Af temperature?3. What is the hardest of the four phases?4. Which is more brittle? Hypoeutectoid steel or
Hypereutectoid steel.5. Name two of the most common elements for
alloying steel?6. What is the temperature range for tempering
martensitic steel?7. What percent carbon does cast iron have?8. What is one advantage and one disadvantage of a
gray cast iron?9. Name one of the Iron-Carbon Phases.10. In a white cast iron the interior transforms into
what?
QUESTIONS 1-7, 9, 10 QUESTION 8
A phase or a mixture of phases which has certain characteristics in a microstructure.
727 degrees Celsius. Martensite. Hypereutectoid. Manganese, Silicon, Nickel,
Copper, Molybdenum, and Vanadium.
450C - 600C. 2.5 - 4.5 percent. Austenite, Ferrite, Delta-
Ferrite, and Liquid phase. Gray Cast Iron
Disadvantages:
Very brittle, though hard. Very weak in tension. Should never be used in the creation of
tools. Especially hammers. Will shatter when exposed to a blow.
Advantages: Used more because it is the least
expensive metallic material of all. Also, has the ability to dampen
mechanical vibrations. Frequently used in the bodies of heavy
machines that require vibration reduction.
Flows easily when molten. Allowing the casting intricate shapes.
Barely shrinks after casting
Carbon Steels
High Strength Low Alloy Steels
Quenched and Tempered Steels
Heat Treatable Low Alloy Steels
Chromium-Molybdenum Steels
Low-carbon steels: Steel alloys that contain up to 0.30 weight percent C.
Medium-carbon steels: Contain carbon ranges from 0.30 to 0.60 weight percent and the manganese from 0.60 to 1.65 weight percent.
High-carbon steels: 0.60 to 1.00 weight percent C with 0.30 to 0.90 weight percent Mn.
High-Strength Low-Alloy steels (microalloyed steels): are designed to provide better mechanical properties than conventional carbons.
Good Weldabillity, Formability, Machinability (rated 55-60%)
0.1%-0.2%: chain, stampings, rivets, nails, wire, pipe, and where very soft,
0.2-0.3%: structural steels, machine parts, soft and tough steels.
Low costs most common
More Machinable (60-70%) 0.3-0.4: lead screws, gears, worms, spindles,
shafts, and machine parts. 0.4-0.5: crankshafts, gears, axles, mandrels,
tool shanks, and heat-treated machine parts. 0.6-0.7: called “low carbon tool steel” and is
used where a keen edge is not necessary, but where shock strength is wanted. Drop hammers dies, set screws, screwdrivers, and arbors.
0.7-0.8: tough and hard steel. Anvil faces, band saws,hammers, wrenches, cable wire, etc.
Good toughness and ductility. Balanced
Toughness, Formabillity, Hardenability, and Weldability are Low
0.8-0.9: rock drills, shear blades, cold chisels, rivet sets, and many hand tools.
0.9-1.0: used for hardness and high tensile strength, springs, cutting tools, press tools, and striking dies.
1.0-1.3: drills, taps, milling cutters, knives, cold cutting dies, wood working tools
1.3-1.4 used where a keen cutting edge is necessary, razors, saws, and where wear resistance is important
Hardness is high and wear resistant
Greater Strength-to-weight Ratio than low carbon steels
Developed primarily for automotive industry
Low carbon (.05-.25%) with Manganese up to 2% and small quantities chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, nitrogen, vanadium, niobium, titanium and zirconium are used in various combinations
Carbon Manganese Phosphorus Sulfur Silicon Copper Lead Boron
Chromium Nickel Molybdenum Aluminum Zirconium Niobium Titanium Vanadium
Stainless steel is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 10% Chromium.
However resistance in air is usually achieved at 13%.
Chromium in stainless steel forms a layer of chromium oxide. ( very thin )
Impervious to water and air Passivation
There are over 150 grades of stainless steel.
Classified by crystal structure: Austenitic: over 70% of stainless steel
production. Ferritic: highly corrosion resistant but less
durable than austenitic Martenistic: not as corrosion resistant,
but much tougher
Stainless steel is 100% recyclable and has antibacterial properties.
Stainless steel is not “invulnerable”
ART WORK AND BUILDING FACADES DUE TO HIGH SHEEN ST.LOUIS GATEWAY
ARCH (LEFT)WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL
Suspension bridges have been around since antiquity
Modern suspension bridges made up of concrete slabs on top of steel plates with steel reinforced towers and held up by steel cables
Built 1928 spanning the Ohio River
Steel body frame with and steel eyebars and cable
Fatigue failure in eyebar causes collapse
Built between 1938 and July 1940
Nicknamed “Galloping Gertie
Collapsed November 1940
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-zczJXSxnw
Weak rivets in part to blame for the sinking of the titanic.
Roughly 3 million rivets used to keep the titanic together.
Iron used to rivets were No.3 bar (known as best), the standard was No.4.
•Rivets used on the titanic contained 3 times the accepted amount of slag in iron.•Rivet head’s broke, letting in ice water
If quality iron had been used for the rivets the section of the titanic might not have sunk.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TswFzWTv7qc
Which element is the primary hardening element? What is fully-killed steels? What is a solid solution of carbon in alpha-iron? What weight percent chromium is needed for
oxidation-resistance in room temperature? In harsh environments?
What is the key element in stainless steel? What is the layer that protects stainless steel from
corrosion called? What is the name of the process that makes
stainless steel so durable? Which elements kill steels? Austenitic stainless steel makes up ____% of total
steel alloy production. Stainless steel is ____% recyclable.