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Burn Management & Assessment
• Shenandoah Co. Fire and Rescue
EMS Training – Nov.2006Bill Streett – Training Section Chief
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Objectives
• Review different type of burn injuries
• Describe physical examination of burn
patientpatient
• Describe the management of burn injury
• Discuss management of patient with
inhalation injury
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Objectives
• Describe complications and management of
chemical injuries.
• Describe management and assessment of • Describe management and assessment of
electrical injury.
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Skin Anatomy
Epidermis
Outermost skin layer
DermisDermis
Directly beneath the epidermis helps contain the body and support the functions on the epidermis
Subcutaneous Tissue
Body layer beneath the dermis
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Epidermis
Dermis
Capillary
networkSebaceous
glands
The SkinThe Skin
Subcutaneo
us
fatty tissue
Muscle
fibers
Shaft of
hairHair follicleHair root
(Bulb,
papilla)Sweat gland
Deep fascia
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SkinFatMuscleFibrous tissueBlood vessels
Soft Tissue
Blood vesselsMembranesGlandsBone (hard tissue)NervesOrgan
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Injuries
BurnsBurns
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Superficial Burn
Superficial Burn
� Involves only the
epidermis
� Reddened skin
� Pain at the site
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Partial ThicknessBurn
Partial ThicknessBurn
Involves both the dermis � Involves both the dermis
and epidermis
� Intense pain; Blisters
� White-to-red skin that is
moist and mottled
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Full Thickness
Burn
Full Thickness
Burn
� Burn involves all dermal layers and
may include muscle, bone, or organs
� Dry and leathery skin; Charred
� Little or no sensation; hard to the
touch; pain at periphery
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Rule of Nines
• Compare burn area to the patients palm.
• Palm = 1% Body Surface Area.
• Can be used to estimate burn area of any • Can be used to estimate burn area of any
age patient.
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RULE OF NINES (%)Head & neck
Posterior trunkAnterior trunk
Each upper extremity
External genitalia
91818
9
1
91818
9
1External genitalia
Each lower extremity
118118
Posterior trunk
18 1814
14
9
9
18
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Severity• Depth or Degree
• Body Surface Area-BSA (%)
• Location of the Burn
• Depth or Degree
• Body Surface Area-BSA (%)
• Location of the Burn• Location of the Burn
• Pre-existing medical conditions
• Age of the Patient
• Location of the Burn
• Pre-existing medical conditions
• Age of the Patient
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Determine Severity
Critical BurnsCritical Burns� Full thickness burns involving
the hands, feet, face, or
genitalia
(Continued)
genitalia
� Burns associated with
respiratory injury
� Full thickness burns over 10%
BSA
� Partial thickness burns over
30% BSA
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Determine SeverityCritical BurnsCritical Burns
� Burns complicated by
painful, swollen, deformed
extremity
(Continued)
extremity
� Moderate burns in young
children or elderly patients
� Burns encompassing any
body part e.g. arm, leg, or
chest
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Determine SeverityModerate BurnsModerate Burns
� Full thickness burns 2 –
10% BSA excluding
hands, feet, & face
(Continued)
hands, feet, & face
�Partial thickness burns
15 – 30% BSA
� Superficial burns of
greater than 50% BSA
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Determine Severity
Minor BurnsMinor Burns� Full thickness burns
less than 2% BSA
� Partial thickness
burns less than 15%
BSA
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Emergy
Medical
Care
Emergy
Medical
Care
Stop the burning
process, initially with
water or saline
Stop the burning
process, initially with
water or saline
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EmergencyMedicalCare
EmergencyMedicalCare
�BSI
�Constantly
(Continued)
Remove smoldering
clothing and jewelry
Remove smoldering
clothing and jewelry
�Constantly
monitor
airway
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Emergency
Medical
Care
Emergency
Medical
Care�Prevent
further
Cover the burned area
with a dry, sterile
dressing
Cover the burned area
with a dry, sterile
dressing
further
contamination
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Emergency Medical Care•Do not break blisters.
•Do not use any type of ointment, lotion or antiseptic.
•Do not break blisters.
•Do not use any type of ointment, lotion or antiseptic.or antiseptic.
• Know local protocols for transport to appropriate local facility.
or antiseptic.
• Know local protocols for transport to appropriate local facility.
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Infant/Child
Considerations
•Consider the •Consider the
possibility of child
abuse!
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Chemical Burns•Take the necessary scene safety precautions to protect yourself form exposure to hazardous
•Take the necessary scene safety precautions to protect yourself form exposure to hazardous exposure to hazardous materials.
•Wear gloves and eye
protection
exposure to hazardous materials.
•Wear gloves and eye
protection
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Work Place Burn Statistics
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EmergencyMedicalCare
EmergencyMedicalCare
�Brush off dry chemicals prior to
Flush with large amounts of water. Continue enroute to receiving facility.
Flush with large amounts of water. Continue enroute to receiving facility.
dry chemicals prior to flushing
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Electrical Burn Injuries
• Account for 4% to 6.5% of admissions to
burn centers.
• Responsible for 500 deaths each year.• Responsible for 500 deaths each year.
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Electrical Shock
• High tension causes more serious injuries
(>1000 volts)
• Fatal electrocutions may also occur with • Fatal electrocutions may also occur with
household current.
• Alternating current (AC) at 60 cycles per
second is more dangerous than direct
current (DC) at same magnitude.
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Electrical Shock
• Trans-thoracic more likely to be fatal than
vertical path of travel.
• V-fib more common from electrocutions • V-fib more common from electrocutions
from A/C current.
• Asystole more common from electrocutions
from D/C current.
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Electrical Burns• Do not attempt to remove the patient from the electrical source unless trained to do so.
• Do not attempt to remove the patient from the electrical source unless trained to do so.trained to do so.
• If the patient is still in contact with the electrical source or if you are unsure, do not touch the patient.
trained to do so.
• If the patient is still in contact with the electrical source or if you are unsure, do not touch the patient.
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Emergency Medical Care
•Administer oxygen if indicated.
•Monitor patient closely for respiratory
•Administer oxygen if indicated.
•Monitor patient closely for respiratory
(Continued)
•Monitor patient closely for respiratory and cardiac arrest.
•Often injures are more severe than external indications.
•Monitor patient closely for respiratory and cardiac arrest.
•Often injures are more severe than external indications.
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EmergencyMedicalCare
EmergencyMedicalCare
Look for Look for Look for both
entrance and exit wounds
Look for both
entrance and exit wounds
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• Adult – Trauma: Burns
• Chemical burns represent a hazard to both the patient and the rescuer, and extreme care
should be taken to avoid exposure to offending agents. The eyes are particularly
vulnerable to chemical burns and, in general, acids tend not to burn as deeply as alkalis
which penetrate very deeply as the tissue is de-fatted. Therefore, eye irrigation should be
started early and continued for at least 15 minutes. The care of electrical burns should
be guided by safety. The heart is most susceptible to voltage below 400 volts. Above
this level internal burns are a major complication. Remember that most injuries in
electrical burns are internal. Fatal arrhythmias are usually a very early problem but other
arrhythmias may occur at any time if the heart has been electrically injured. Care of the
patient with thermal burns should be guided by scene safety, cooling the burn (if
2006-2007 Lord Fairfax EMS Protocol
patient with thermal burns should be guided by scene safety, cooling the burn (if
appropriate), maintaining normal body temperature, and protecting the airway. Shock in
the very early stages of a burn is generally not associated with the burn, thus one should
rule out other life-threatening injuries.
• EMT-B
• Scene safety (turn off power or contact fire department, extinguish flames, wear PPE).
• Apply dry sterile dressings.
• Spinal immobilization, if indicated.
• Irrigate chemical burn site with water if appropriate to chemical (if powdered chemical,
brush off).
• Splint fractures (after applying dressing).
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EMT-Enhanced
1. Manage airway appropriately. Have a high index of suspicion in cases of facial burns, sooty
sputum, singed facial hair, etc.
2. Establish IV access.
3. Fluid bolus of 500 mL NS, may be repeated if necessary after reassessment, up to 1 liter NS if
indicated for hypotension, to maintain a SBP> 90 mmHg.
a. Avoid establishing IV distal to an extremity burn site. Maintain a SBP > 90 mmHg.
b. Administer 500 mL/hr for electric burns if no risk of CHF.
EMT-Intermediate / Paramedic
1. Initiate cardiac and oximetry monitoring.
2006-2007 Lord Fairfax EMS Protocol
1. Initiate cardiac and oximetry monitoring.
2. If pain persists, consider morphine sulfate 2 mg slow IV/IM, maintaining a SBP > 90 mmHg.
3. May be repeated every 5-10 minutes to a total of 6 mg.
Contact Medical Command
Consider additional analgesia.
Key Points / Considerations
• In electrical burns, search for additional traumatic injury.
• In thermal burns, assess the patient for evidence of potential carbon monoxide exposure.
• Remove jewelry and nonadherent clothing.
• Estimate extent of burns (area of patient’s palm = 1% TBSA)
• Note: Continuous EKG, pulse oximetry and blood pressure monitorin
• (every 5 minutes) are mandatory, during, and after administration morphine sulfate.
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Burn Management Summary
• Think Safety first!!!!!!!!!
• Always remember ABC’s.
• Stop the burning process and dress with dry • Stop the burning process and dress with dry
sterile dressings.
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Burn Mgt. Summary Cont.
• Flush chemical burn with large amounts of
water.
• Electrical burns may be much more serious • Electrical burns may be much more serious
than they appear.
• Always look for entrance and exit wound
for electrical burns.
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Any Questions???????????Any Questions???????????
Quiz Time………
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Burn Management Scenarios
• Scenario#1- Wash Bay
-Dispatched for 40 YOM at a local hardware
store with chemical burns to the arms.store with chemical burns to the arms.
Scenario #2 – Tower 1 Bay
-Dispatched for a 22 YOM with facial burns
from a gas grill explosion.
Scenario#3 – Co. 1 Bay
-Dispatched for an HEC worker electrocuted.