Download - Bureaucracy
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The Bureaucracy
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Bureaucracy Defined
A large organization in which people with specialized knowledge are organized into a clearly defined hierarchy of bureaus and offices, each of which has a specific mission
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Democratic?
Bureaucrats are de facto policymakers Sometimes conduct judicial-style hearings IRS, not a court, determines penalties; you
must prove innocence to the IRS
Bureaucrats yield considerable responsibility, but are not subjected to elections
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Organizational Structure of the Federal Bureaucracy
Departments Independent Agencies
Independent Regulatory
Commissions
Government Corporations
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Cabinet Departments
Originally 3 State, War, Treasury
Homeland Security Most Recently Headed by Secretaries
Appointed by the President with the “advice and consent of the Senate”
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Departments
State (1789) Treasury (1789) Defense (1947; formerly the War
Department, created in 1789, and the Navy Department, created in 1798)
Justice (1870; created in 1789 as Office of the Attorney General – a part-time position, made a cabinet level department in 1870)
Interior (1849) Agriculture (1889) Commerce (1913) Labor (1913)
Health and Human Services (1953 as Health, Education, and Welfare; reorganized with Education as a separate department in 1979)
Housing and Urban Development (1965)
Transportation (1966) Energy (1977) Education (1979) Veterans Affairs (1989) Homeland Security (2002)
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Centralized?
Departments are NOT centralized or monolithic Each has many sub-units with responsibilities
Department of Justice FBI, DEA, ATF, US Marshals, Bureau of Prisons, etc
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What is a Czar?
A popular term used in reference to an official who is appointed to oversee a particular policy or issue
DrugCounterterrorismEnergyClimate
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Czars
Allows quicker action on important matters
CriticismNo “advice and consent of the Senate”
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Number of Positions by President FDR 12 Truman 6 Eisenhower 1 Kennedy 0 Nixon 3 Reagan1 GHW Bush 2 Clinton 7 GW Bush 35 Obama 38
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Independent Agencies
These agencies are independent from larger departments, but still under the control of the president.
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Independent Agencies
Currently ~ 50 NASA ~20,000 employees
Little oversight responsibility
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Independent Executive Agencies
Not included in any departments, but are distinct from corporations and regulatory commissions
Environmental Protection, Central Intelligence, National Science Foundation
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Government Corporations
These agencies are run by an independent board in the same way as a private corporation.
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Government Corporations
Perform an economically important activity Mostly self-supporting
Postal Service, AMTRAK, Tennessee Valley Authority
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Independent Regulatory Commissions
While these agencies are run by “political” figures, they are independent of both the president and larger departments.
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Regulatory Commissions
Regulate where the free market does not work properly to protect the public interest
FCC, FEC
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The Advantages of Bureaucracy
• Standardization• Expertise and Competence• Coordination
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Ideological Problems
Lack of popular sovereignty Little incentive to be efficient Public Opinion not as important to bureaucrats Largely shielded from Congress, the President “Captured” by interest groups, private firms
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Political Liberty
Red Scare DOJ’s “Red Squads” IRS used to harass critics
Nixon most famous for this Bill O’Reilly audited four consecutive years under
Clinton
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Political Liberty
FBI most notorious, especially under Hoover McCarthy witch hunts Cointelpro MLK
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The Development of the Bureaucracy
The Expansion of Federal Civil Employment
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Shrinking Government
“Government is not the solution
to our problems; it is the problem”
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Patronage vs. Merit System
Patronage System
Government employees are hired and fired based on
support for a political party or individual
candidate.
Merit System
Government employees are hired
based on their qualifications and
cannot be fired arbitrarily for political
reasons
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Assassination of President Garfield
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Patronage
President Jackson“To the victor goes the spoils”
ProblemsMassive turnover every administration
Pendleton Act curbed patronage