Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
Building Energy NeedsBuilding Energy Needsand Supplying Energyand Supplying Energyto Dartmouth Collegeto Dartmouth College
David W. MadiganDavid W. MadiganJanuary 21, 2010January 21, 2010
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Energy use in Buildings• Air Systems
• Heat recovery• Underfloor air distribution (UFAD)• Dedicated outside air systems (DOAS)• Displacement ventilation• VAV kitchen hoods
• Hydronic systems• Hydronic heating/cooling• Sensible-only cooling terminals
• Primary energy systems• Cogeneration• Ground source heat pumps (GSHP)• Renewable energy systems
Presentation OverviewPresentation Overview
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• USA uses 40% of worldwide energy flows and generates 33% of CO2 and associated pollutants worldwide.
• Buildings use 1/3 of total US energy and 2/3 of electricity.• Buildings account for 30% of total U.S. greenhouse gas
emissions.
Energy Use in BuildingsEnergy Use in Buildings
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Total Energy Cost
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
FY Ending
Ann
ual C
ost v
s. B
asel
ine
(199
5)
ThermalElectric
Baseline 1995 = 1.0
Electric Cost > Double
Thermal Cost > Quadruple Campus
Energy Costs
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Typical Building Energy UsageTypical Building Energy Usage
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
* Electricity cost: $3.50 - $4.50 / 100,000 Btu* Thermal cost: $1.50 - $2.00 / 100,000 Btu
Building Type Energy Use (Btu/ft2.year) Cost ($/ft2)
Dartmouth campus average 150,000 to 250,000 $3.00 - $5.00
Modern “baseline” 80,000 to 90,000 $2.00 - $3.00
Modern “state-of-the-art” 30,000 to 40,000 $0.75 - $1.50
Inefficient lab buildings 300,000 to 500,000 $7.00 - $12.00
“State-of-the-art” labs < 100,000 $2.00 - $3.00
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Typical Building Energy UsageTypical Building Energy UsageDormitory Cost
Breakdown
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Lights$23,646
24%
Plug Loads$25,411
26%
Fans$7,059
7%
Space Cooling$12,349
12%
Pumps & Aux$8,619
9%
Heat Rejection$205 0%
Domestic Hot Water
$8,038 8%
Space Heating$13,978
14%
Lights20%
Plug Loads21%
Fans6%
Space Cooling11%
Pumps & Aux8%
Space Heating20% Heat Rejection
0%Domestic
Hot Water14%
Dormitory Energy-UseBreakdown
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Rising Energy Costs Rising Energy Costs -- OilOil
Historical Oil Cost and Steam Revenue – Last 10 Years
$ 0
$ 2, 000, 000
$ 4, 000, 000
$ 6, 000, 000
$ 8, 000, 000
$ 10, 000, 000
$ 12, 000, 000
$ 14, 000, 000
$ 16, 000, 000
$ 18, 000, 000
$ 20, 000, 000
FY 00 FY 01 FY 02 FY 03 FY 04 FY 05 FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 FY 09
Revenue At Billing Rate ($) Total Oil Cost ($)•$21 •$36 •$26 •$26 •$32 •$35 •$55 •$59 •$76 •$90•Oil Cost
Per Bbl
Dartmouth College VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Over the past 10 years… Oil use up 25%Oil COST up 500%
And Rising Energy Use And Rising Energy Use -- OilOilHistorical Oil Cost, Usage and Steam Revenue – Last 10 Years
$ 0
$ 2, 000, 000
$ 4, 000, 000
$ 6, 000, 000
$ 8, 000, 000
$ 10, 000, 000
$ 12, 000, 000
$ 14, 000, 000
$ 16, 000, 000
$ 18, 000, 000
$ 20, 000, 000
FY 00 FY 01 FY 02 FY 03 FY 04 FY 05 FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 FY 090
2, 000, 000
4, 000, 000
6, 000, 000
8, 000, 000
10, 000, 000
12, 000, 000
14, 000, 000
16, 000, 000
18, 000, 000
20, 000, 000
Revenue At Billing Rate ($) Total Oil Cost ($) Total Oil Use - Gallons•G
allons
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Rising Energy Costs Rising Energy Costs -- ElectricityElectricityHistorical Electrical Cost and Revenue – Last 10 Years
$ -
$ 1, 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
$ 2 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
$ 3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
$ 4 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
$ 5 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
$ 6 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
$ 7 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
$ 8 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
$ 9 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0
FY 00 FY 01 FY 02 FY 03 FY 04 FY 05 FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 FY 09
$
Electrical Cost Electrical Revenue•$.07
•ElectricalCost •$.08 •$.09 •$.08 •$.08 •$.08 •$.09 •$.13 •$.12 •$.12
Dartmouth College VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Over the past 10 years… Electrical use up 39%Electrical COST up 132%
And Rising Energy Use And Rising Energy Use -- ElectricityElectricityHistorical Electrical Cost, Revenue, and Usage – Last 10 Years
$ -
$ 1, 000, 000
$ 2, 000, 000
$ 3, 000, 000
$ 4, 000, 000
$ 5, 000, 000
$ 6, 000, 000
$ 7, 000, 000
$ 8, 000, 000
$ 9, 000, 000
FY 00 FY 01 FY 02 FY 03 FY 04 FY 05 FY 06 FY 07 FY 08 FY 09
$
0
10, 000, 000
20, 000, 000
30, 000, 000
40, 000, 000
50, 000, 000
60, 000, 000
70, 000, 000
80, 000, 000
90, 000, 000
kWH
Electrical Cost Electrical Revenue Electrical Consumption (kWH)
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Expanding Conditioned AreaExpanding Conditioned AreaDartmouth’s Growth 2005 - 2012
• Gross Square Feet14% Growth
• Air Conditioned GSF 41% Growth
• Air Conditioned Growth from 33% to 50% of Campus GSF
0
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Tota
l GSF
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Air
Con
ditio
ned
GSF
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Embodied Environmental ImpactsEmbodied Environmental Impacts
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
“Over time, environmental impacts from high energy use may far outweigh all other (environmental ) factors.”
- Environmental Resource Guide
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40years in life of building
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
1000
Btu
/ft2
Operating energy
Embodied energy
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Sustainable Design ProcessSustainable Design Process
Building Shape
Orientation
Glass location
Glass area & type
Insulation values
Thermal mass
Building Volume
Passive Solar
Daylighting
Lighting
HVAC
Heat Recovery
Optimized Ventilation
Building Automation
Domestic Hot Water
Electricity
Steam
Hot Water
Chilled Water
Cogeneration
Solar Thermal
Photovoltaics
Bio-Mass
Schedules
Controls
Maintenance
Setpoints
Windows
Equipment
Education
Commissioning
Re-commissioning
Minimize load as a first priority.
Use efficient, cost-effective systems
Produce and distribute energy
efficiently
Operate the building well
Building design and program fixes
the load
Primary Energy Systems supply
energy to buildings
Efficient building systems meet
the load
People run the systems
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Building Air Systems EvolutionBuilding Air Systems Evolution
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Pre - 1900 -- Operable windows, steam heat
1900 – 1940 -- Exhaust, operable windows, steam heat
1940 – 1960 -- Single zone, constant volume AC, steam heat
1960 – 1980 -- Multiple zone, constant volume AC, HW reheat
1980 – 2000 -- Variable air volume systems, HW heating
2000 - ? -- DOAS, heat recovery, hydronic heating and cooling, UFAD.
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Airside Heat RecoveryAirside Heat Recovery
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Applicable to nearly all air handling systems• Best economics obtained for:
• 100% outside air systems• Long hours of operation• Labs, classrooms, locker rooms and pools
• Substantial peak load reductions allows savings in boiler and chiller equipment costs.
• Latent heat recovery allows substantial savings in cooling costs.
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Airside Heat Recovery OptionsAirside Heat Recovery OptionsRunaround Coils• Pros
• Greatest airstream separation, flexibility
• Simple Technology• Easily cleaned• Minimum space requirements
• Cons• Lowest recovery efficiency (55%)• High parasitic loads for pumping• No latent transfer• Poor cooling performance• Most moving parts, highest
maintenance VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Cooling and Dehumidification Coil
Outside
Air
SupplyAir Fan
To Labs
From
LabsEnergyRecovery
Coil
Energy Recovery FromExhaust Air Loop
Exhaust
Air Coil
ExhaustFan
ExhaustAir
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Airside Heat Recovery OptionsAirside Heat Recovery OptionsPlate Heat Exchangers and Heat Pipes• Pros
• Good airstream separation• High sensible efficiency (75%)
sometimes latent available• Heat pipes easily cleaned• High reliability – no moving parts• Indirect evaporative cooling possible
• Cons• May be space intrusive• Generally no latent transfer• Plate heat exchangers difficult
to clean
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Airside Heat Recovery OptionsAirside Heat Recovery OptionsHeat Wheels• Pros
• Highest sensible and latent efficiency (80%)
• Excellent cooling performance• Significant reductions in peak
heating and cooling loads• Purge minimizes carry over
• Cons• Airstream separation issues• Can be space intensive• Operational issues
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Heat Recovery SystemsHeat Recovery Systems
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Type Effectiveness Carryover Reliability Airstream Proximity
CommentsSensible Latent
Enthalpy Wheel
70%-80% 65%-75% Yes(< 0.05%)
Average Required Greenest
Heat Pipe 60%-75% 0% None Highest Required Contains refrigerant
Plate HX 60%-75% 0% None Highest Required
Runaround Loop
50%-60% 0% None Average Not Required
Glycol or Refrigerant
Options SummaryOptions Summary
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Heat Recovery System EconomicsHeat Recovery System EconomicsDartmouth Life Sciences Building
• 175,000 sf Laboratory Building• Peak airflow: 107,000 cfm• First Cost Savings: Enthalpy wheels
– Cooling: 269 tons @ $2500 = $672,500– Heating: 7813 MBH @ $30 = $234,390
$906,890
• Heat Recovery System cost:– 107,000 @ $6 / cfm = $642,000– 1500 sf @ $200 = $300,000
$942,000
• Annual Energy Savings: $600,000 + VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS)Dedicated Outdoor Air Systems (DOAS)
• Concept:Separate the control and load associated with ventilation air supply from local envelope and internal loads.
• 100% outdoor air supply system – usually packaged with air/air heat recovery
• May be Sized for diversified ventilation load
• Deliver DRY cooling or neutral air to occupied spaces
• Enables use of highly efficient and high comfort terminal systems (Radiant, chilled beams, valence, etc.)
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
DOAS System Schematic
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
100% OA DOAS Unit W/ Energy Recovery
Cool/Dry Supply
Parallel Sensible Cooling System
Building With
Sensible and Latent
cooling decoupled
Exhaust
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
DOAS System vs. VAVDOAS System vs. VAV
Example: 20,000 sf building – 200 People
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Traditional VAV System• 1 CFM/sf = 20,000 CFM
Total Supply Air• 0.75 HP/1,000 CFM = 15 HP
fan energy• 32 Sq Ft duct area (Supply
and Return)• Varying air volume to
maintain space comfort
DOAS System• 20 CFM/person = 4,000
CFM Total Ventilation Air• 0.75 HP/1,000 CFM = 3 HP
fan energy• 8 Sq Ft duct area (Supply
and Exhaust)• Constant ventilation air only
supply
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Can be used for virtually any occupancy type• Both new construction and renovation projects• Highly effective when combined with ventilation air
reset through CO2 sensing control to track occupancy• Improved energy efficiency over all air based systems
with better comfort and control.• Must consider air delivery method:
• Underfloor• Displacement Ventilation• High Induction Diffusers
• Greater assurance of proper ventilation volume
DOAS System ApplicationsDOAS System Applications
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Displacement VentilationDisplacement Ventilation
• Objective – deliver clean air to the “breathing zone”
• Avoid mixing clean supply air with contaminated room air
• Does not necessitate an underfloor delivery system
The Breathing
Zone
Supply Air
Exhaust Air
3’ Above Floor
7’ Above Floor
63-65 deg F.
75-85 deg F.
Raised Floor
Ceiling or Structure Above
Hard Slab VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Displacement Displacement vsvs Traditional SupplyTraditional Supply
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Displacement:Clean air enters space low and rises through breathing zone
Overhead Mixing Supply:Clean air enters space from overhead and mixes with contaminated room air
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Displacement Ventilation Displacement Ventilation –– ApplicationsApplications
Consider for:• Open Offices• Enclosed Offices• Classrooms• Tiered Lecture Halls
Don’t consider for:• Laboratory Spaces• Residential Units
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
HydronicHydronic Heating / Cooling SystemsHeating / Cooling Systems
Benefits over Air Based Systems:
• Lower transport energy requirements• Greatly reduced space requirements• High degree of flexibility• Improved environmental control• Excellent acoustical performance• Applicable to essentially all occupancies• Can be lower in cost
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
HydronicHydronic vs. Air Based Energy Transportvs. Air Based Energy Transport
To transport 100,000 Btu / hr:
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
30”
16”
Supply Return
Air Based Hydronic Based
1 ½”
CHWS CHWR
Fan Horsepower: 4.2 hp
Annual Electric Cost $2711
Pump Horsepower: 0.3 hp
Annual Electric Cost $193
16”
30”
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
HydronicHydronic Heating/Cooling SystemsHeating/Cooling Systems
Application Issues:
• Typically combined with DOAS• Condensing verses non-condensing terminals• Lack of airside economizer• Chilled water temperature optimization• Condensation control• Integrated vs. separate heating/cooling terminals• Two pipe versus four pipe distribution
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
HydronicHydronic Heating/Cooling SystemsHeating/Cooling SystemsTerminal Types
• Condensing:• Fan coil units• Valence units
• Non-condensing:• Radiant ceilings• Radiant structural slabs• Passive chilled beams• Active chilled beams
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Sensible Only Cooling TerminalsSensible Only Cooling TerminalsConcept:
• Once you have delivered Dry ventilation air to meet code Outdoor Air requirements ------ Remaining load is all Sensible• Solar Gains• Internal Gains
• Therefore, you do not need to condense water vapor from the air (Latent load) and can use local sensible only (non-condensing) hydronic cooling terminals.
• The cooling system then looks just like the simplest of heating systems, H&V AHU with perimeter radiation
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Sensible Only Cooling TerminalsSensible Only Cooling TerminalsApplication:
• Must be combined with a DOAS system
• Control solar, envelope and internal loads
• Select most effective and appropriate cooling terminal
• Consider implications of operable windows
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Sensible Only Cooling TerminalsSensible Only Cooling Terminals
Radiant (Cooling) Ceiling Panels:
• Output is based on surface area of panels• May need to cover a significant % of ceiling (or walls)
with panels to meet loads (40-60%)• Best applied where there are modest solar and internal
loads• Private offices• Interior open spaces
• Same panel can also be used for heating• Highest level of occupant comfort
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Radiant PanelsRadiant Panels
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Sensible Only Cooling TerminalsSensible Only Cooling TerminalsActive Chilled Beams:
• Convection is aided by supply air which induces greater flow across chilled beam coil
• Active Beams can be exposed (pendant), surface, or flush to ceiling mounted.
• Higher output than passive chilled beams are possible• Low or no capacity without supply air• Can also be used effectively for heating (while air
system operating)• Can have noise or draft issues if mis-applied
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Active Chilled BeamsActive Chilled Beams
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Chilled Beam ApplicationsChilled Beam Applications
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Sensible Only Cooling TerminalsSensible Only Cooling Terminals
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Condensation / Humidity Concerns:
• Must maintain Dry DOAS supply air• Must control infiltration• Must control internal sources of moisture• Provide local condensation sensor
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
CogenerationCogeneration
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Combined Heat and Power (CHP/Co-generation)
• Economically viable in some form for nearly all campus heating/cooling systems.
• Requires careful analysis to justify capital expenditure and optimum approach.
• Can be applied to central or distributed systems.
• Provides significant source of standby power
• Potential for major environmental benefits
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
CoCo--Generation System OptionsGeneration System Options
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Combined Heat / Power Systems• Use waste heat from electric generation for thermal loads• Use waste thermal loads for electric generation
• Central Plant Configurations• Backpressure Turbine (bottoming cycle)• Gas Turbine (topping cycle)• Reciprocating Engine (topping cycle)
• Distributed Plant Configurations• Fuel Cell• Reciprocating Engine• Micro-Turbine
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Conventional Energy SystemConventional Energy System
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
BOILER(Efficiency = 83%)
STEAM TURBINE(Eff. = 42%)
GENERATOR(Eff. = 94%)
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM(Eff. = 90%)
CONDENSER
BOILER(Efficiency = 80%)
100Units 30
Units35
Units
33
Units
50Units
High Pressure Steam
83 Units
Heat to Process40 Units
150 Fuel Source units yields:
30 units of electricity and
40 units of thermal energy
Overall Efficiency: 46%
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Topping Cycle Cogeneration SystemTopping Cycle Cogeneration System
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
GENERATOR(Eff. = 90%)
100Units
39
Units35
UnitsENGINE
(Efficiency = 39%)
EXHAUST GASHEAT EXCHANGER
JACKET WATERHEAT EXCHANGER
Steam to Campus
Hot Water to Campus40 Units
100 Fuel Source units yields:
35 units of electricity and
40 units of thermal energy
Overall Efficiency: 75%
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
10Units
Bottoming Cycle Cogeneration SystemBottoming Cycle Cogeneration System
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
BOILERBACKPRESSURE
STEAM TURBINE
GENERATOR100
Units
High Pressure Steam
83 Units
100 Fuel Source units yields:
10 units of electrical and
70 units of thermal
To Campus Heating System
Overall Efficiency: 80%
70 Units
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Cogeneration SystemsCogeneration Systems
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Cogeneration Options – Topping Cycle
• Primary electrical, thermal byproduct
• Gas turbines, reciprocating engines, fuel cells
• High ratio of electrical to thermal
• Wide range of sizes: 30 KW to 100 MW+
• Consistent year round output possible
• Standby power benefits
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Cogeneration SystemsCogeneration Systems
• Cogeneration Options – Bottoming Cycle
• Primary thermal with electrical byproduct
• Steam turbine, thermal cooling
• High ratio of thermal to electrical output
• Sizing limited by thermal load
• Electrical output tracks thermal –may not be available in warm weather
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Distributed SystemsDistributed Systems
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Cogeneration SummaryCogeneration SummaryCampus Cogeneration Projects
Institution Type Size First Cost
First Year Saving
Annual ROI
CO2Savings
Amherst College
Gas & Steam
Turbines1.8 / 3.1 MW $6.8 M $615,000 16% 6,600 T/yr
Mount Holyoke College
Gas Recip. 1.8 MW $5.1 M $410,000 12% 8,700 T/yr
Smith College
Gas Turbine 3.5 MW $10.9 M $1,400,000 18% 16,400 T/yr
Will reduce net carbon emissions by 30,000 tons/year (30%)
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Ground Source Heat PumpsGround Source Heat Pumps
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• GSHP Geothermal?
• GSHP – What it is?“Electrically driven mechanical refrigeration
system using the earth or groundwater to draw heat from, or reject heat to, in order to improve system efficiency”
• Consistent earth temperatures year round allow high system efficiency throughout the year
• Coefficient of Performance (COP)• Energy output / energy input (efficiency)• COP for GSHP – typically 3-4
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Ground Source Heat PumpsGround Source Heat Pumps
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Heat Rejection Options• Closed Loop
• Vertical shallow wells (250’)• Horizontal trench
• Open Loop• Standing column deep well (1500’)• Extraction / reinjection wells• Ponds / lakes / ocean
• Capacity• Horizontal trench• Vertical shallow wells 2-3 tons / well• Standing column 30-40 tons / well
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Ground Source Heat PumpsGround Source Heat Pumps
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Pros:• High efficiency compared to distributed building heating /
cooling systems• All electric – no local fuel required• No external heat rejection device required
• Acoustics, Aesthetics• Perceived as very “green”
• Cons:• May not be more efficient than campus
heating / cooling systems.• First cost may be high• Underground piping & wells – complexity, space• Heating / Cooling electronically dependant
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Ground Source Heat PumpsGround Source Heat Pumps
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Good Applications:
• Locations not served by high efficiency campus heating/cooling systems
• Applications using radiant slab heating/cooling• Low temp HW, high temp CHW
• Applications with moderate, consistent loads
• Locations with substantial developed sites
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Many commercially available options
• Reduce GHG & pollutant emissions
• Minimize dependence on foreign oil
• Protection against increasing fuel prices
• Reduces trade imbalance, stimulates domestic economy
• Attractive life cycle economics
• Visible commitment to environmental stewardship
Renewable EnergyRenewable Energy
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Solar Thermal
• Solar Electric
• Daylighting
• Wind
• Biomass
• Hydro
Renewable Energy OptionsRenewable Energy Options
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Low-Impact Hydro
Photovoltaics
BiomassWind
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Conservation preferable over renewable energy• Usually better economics• Even renewable energy has environmental consequences• Conservation measures result in reduction of usage and peak
loads• Conservation and renewable energy complement one
another• Renewable energy capital intensive• Conservation reduces capital investment by limiting peak
loads• Implement renewable energy systems after making
maximum use of conservation options
Conservation vs. GenerationConservation vs. Generation
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Solar energy is the basis for essentially all renewable energy sources
• Solar energy incident on earth annually:• 160 times the world’s proven resources of fossil fuels• 15,000 times the world’s annual use of energy
• Solar can be utilized directly or indirectly
Solar EnergySolar Energy
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Active Solar Heating
• Passive Solar Heating
• Solar Thermal Engines
• Daylighting
Solar EnergySolar Energy
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Highly effective in residential buildings, educational and small commercial buildings
• Limited applications in “traditional” large scale buildings• Can be effective as part of an integrated design process • Coordinate with daylighting design• Performance improved with massive construction• Commercial applications to consider
• Solar heated entry vestibules• Solar induced natural ventilation• Double wall facades
• Optimized passive solar features can produce excellent economics
Passive Solar DesignPassive Solar Design
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Dark surface with high absorptance gathers full spectrum of solar radiation
• Heat is drawn away by working fluid – usually glycol / water
• Glass and/or selective surface used to minimize Conduction and re-radiation losses
• Efficiency dependant on collector design working temperature and ambient temperature– Lower Fluid Temperature = Higher Efficiency
– Lower Ambient Temperature = Lower Efficiency
Solar Thermal CollectorsSolar Thermal Collectors
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Collector TypesCollector Types
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Domestic Hot Water Heating
• Pool Heating
• Space Heating
• Make-up Air Preheat
• Thermal Based Cooling
Active Solar Thermal SystemsActive Solar Thermal Systems
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Low temperature operation allows high collector efficiency, yearround loads
• Storage requirements dependent on use profile• Back-up heating required – inexpensive• Good application for dormitories,
athletic centers, dining facilities, laundry, healthcare
• Limited Loads in Commercial Buildings
• Excellent Economics if Displacing Electric Heat
Application ConsiderationsApplication Considerations
Domestic Hot WaterDomestic Hot Water
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Electricity production directly from sunlight
• Utilizes photon energy in sunlight to promote electrical current flow
• Relies on semi-conductor effects in specialized materials
• Think of PV as “Solar Energy Converter Systems”
Photovoltaic Energy ConceptsPhotovoltaic Energy Concepts
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Thin Film on flexible substrateThin Film on flexible substrate
Thin Film on glass substrateThin Film on glass substrate
Mono-crystallineMonoMono--crystallinecrystalline
PolyPoly--crystallinecrystalline
Types of PV ModulesTypes of PV Modules
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Crystalline PV Modules
• Output: 10-12 watts/SF• Efficiency: 12% - 18%• Color: blue• Module sizes: 5 watts –
300 watts• Reduced efficiency under
hot conditions• Longer track record
in field
Thin Film Modules
• Output: 5-7 watts/SF• Efficiency: 6% - 8%• Color: gray to black, deep
blue• Module sizes: 5 watts – 120
watts• Less efficiency drop under
hot conditions• More efficient in low light
conditions
Crystalline vs. Thin FilmsCrystalline vs. Thin Films
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
GridGrid--tied Systemtied SystemPV ComponentsPV Components
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
To Building Uses
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Building Integrated Building Integrated PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics -- BIPVBIPV
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Custom Glass LaminatesCustom Glass LaminatesBIPV BIPV -- SkylightsSkylights
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
UniUni--Solar Standing Seam Metal RoofSolar Standing Seam Metal RoofBIPV Roofing ProductsBIPV Roofing Products
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Site Performance Estimates
Overall Efficiency
PerformancekWh/m2/yr
Denver, CO 11.4% 163
Shreveport, LA 11.1% 145
Atlanta, GA 11.2% 151
Syracuse, NY 11.6% 126
PV Regional PerformancePV Regional Performance
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Solar Thermal PVPanel Efficiency 60 – 80 % 12 – 16 %Panel Cost $12 – 18 /s.f. $40 – 50 / s.f.Peak Output 50 – 60 w/ s.f. 8 – 12 w/ s.f.System Cost $80 – 100 / s.f. $80 – 100 / s.f.
$1.25 – 2.00 / W $6 – 10 / WAnnual Output 65 – 85 kwh/s.f./yr 12 – 16 kWh/s.f./yr
Offset Energy Cost ($15/mmbtu) / ($0.15 kWh) $0.15 /kWh
Annual Savings $4.00/s.f. / $11.00/s.f. $2.00/ s.f.Simple Payback 15 – 20 yrs./ 6 – 10 yrs. 30 – 40 yrs.ROI 8% / 18% 4%
Solar Thermal / PV ComparisonSolar Thermal / PV Comparison
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Solar Resource Used to Offset Highest Cost Electricity• Technology Well Developed• Allows Reduced Cooling Loads Also• Can Help to Downsize HVAC Systems• Glazing Optimization by Exposure• Need to Control Excess Solar Heat Gain• Best Implemented as Part of an
Integrated Design Process• Can Be Highly Cost Effective• Improves Indoor Environment
OverviewOverview
DaylightingDaylighting
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Window and Shading Devices• Skylights and Clerestories• Atria and Reflectors• Light Tubes• Focusing Fiber Optic Technology• Daylight Dimming Systems
DaylightingDaylighting TechnologiesTechnologies
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
DaylightingDaylighting TechnologiesTechnologies
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Energy from plant matter or other biological material
• Generation of electricity and/or thermal energy
• May be utilized directly….• Feedstock combustion
• …or Indirectly• Gasification• Distillation
BiomassBiomass
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Solid Biomass• Wood Chips• Wood Waste• Agricultural Waste
• Biogas• Landfill Gas• Biogas from Animal
Wastes• Gasification of Solid
Biomass
BiomassBiomass
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Application is very facility specific
• Most feasible with on-site or nearby fuel source• Landfills• Livestock and agricultural facilities• Sawmills• Mountain locations near forest thinning
• Economics can be very favorable – Fuel is inexpensive compared to fossil fuels
BiomassBiomass
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Liquid Biofuels / Biodiesel / Yellow Grease• Liquid fuel made from agricultural crops or wastes• Fuel source for vehicles or stationary applications• Potential use in place of diesel for backup generators,
cogeneration• Need to confirm compatibility with equipment
BiomassBiomass
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Biomass is renewable energy…
• Biomass is largely carbon neutral……if sustainably harvested & utilized
• Is it “Clean Energy”? particulates, combustion, emissions of NOX
• Cleaner then fossil fuels, not as clean as solar or wind.
BiomassBiomass
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Energy in wind captured with a turbine
• Wind speed is criticalbecause power increases with the cube of the wind speed
• Efficiency typically increases with turbine size and tower height
Wind PowerWind Power
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• On-Site generation is possible
• Small turbines available for commercial applications, down to less than 1 kW
• Technology is available and proven
Wind PowerWind Power
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Application is very location specific• Ideal site is open without surrounding
buildings to block wind• Varying wind resources by location• At a good site, the financial performance can
be much better than PV• However, Limited Application in campus environment
• Location and site specific• Aesthetic issues – more conspicuous than PV
• Consider off-campus development
Wind Power Wind Power
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Wind PowerWind Power
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Resources:• Wind Maps Available from National Renewable Energy
Lab: www.nrel.gov
• Information on Small-Scale Wind Systems from American Wind Energy Association: www.awea.org
• OEMC has Anemometer Loan Program to Measure Resource at a Site: www.state.co.us/oemc
Wind PowerWind Power
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Fuel Cell Technology is not new (1950s)
• Conversion of source fuel to electricity through chemical process rather than mechanical
• No traditional combustion used – no typical products of combustion
• Source Fuel – almost anything with hydrogen
• Fuel “reforming” is required unless pure hydrogen is available
GeneralGeneral
Fuel Cell TechnologyFuel Cell Technology
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Most common fuel – Natural Gas(CH4 – Methane Based Fuels)
• High conversion efficiencies possible (like diesels)
• Emissions– CO2 (Fuel Reforming)– Fuel impurities– H2O
• Waste heat available for use
GeneralGeneral
Fuel Cell TechnologyFuel Cell Technology
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Energy not truly “Renewable” if fueled on natural gas.
• Some states allow renewable energy incentive for fuel cells using any fuel.
• Renewable fuel options– Bio-derived gas– Landfill gas– Solar / Wind derived
Hydrogen from water– Bio-fuel derived
hydrogen from water
Fuel Cells Fuel Cells –– Renewable Energy?Renewable Energy?
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Maintenance Issues
• Stack Replacements – 40,000 hours?- 3 to 5 years
• 20+ year life expectancy – Balance of plant components
• Maintenance costs 0.005 – 0.015 $/kWh• “High-Tech” maintenance required
Technology OverviewTechnology Overview
Fuel CellsFuel Cells
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Phosphoric Acid (PAFC)
• Proton Exchange Membrane (PEMFC)
• Molten Carbonate (MCFC)
• Solid Oxide (SOFC)
Technology OverviewTechnology Overview
Fuel CellsFuel Cells
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• High First Cost at Present• $4000 - $6000 / kW
• With Mass Production, Prices Could Drop Substantially• $1000 - $2000 / kW or Less
• Clean / Uninterruptible Power Applications can Improve Economics
• Cogeneration Improves Economics
• Bio-Derived Fuels can be Expensive
• Depends on Hydrogen – the ideal fuel if only we had some and it weren’t so hart to store
Fuel Cell EconomicsFuel Cell Economics
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Lab buildings are the energy hogs on campus
• Conventional Lab buildings are 5x as energy intensive as office buildings
Why Build a Green Lab Building?Why Build a Green Lab Building?
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Choosing WiselyChoosing Wisely
1. High performance envelope
2. Dedicated outside air system
3. Hydronic heating / cooling
4. Sensible only cooling terminals
5. Controlled lighting / daylighting
6. Heat recovery VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Six enabling technologies
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Enabling Technology #1:Enabling Technology #1:
• Wall Insulation• Roof Insulation• Continuous Air / Vapor barrier • Window Thermal Performance• Solar Control• Optimized Glazing Characteristics by Exposure• Daylighting
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
High performance envelope
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Use of continuous Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) insulation
• Retains thermal energy by avoiding thermal breaks
• Serves as a vapor barrier
Enabling Technology #1:Enabling Technology #1:
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
High performance envelope
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Enabling Technology #1:Enabling Technology #1:
Dartmouth CollegePeak Heating Annual Heating
BTU/H MMBTU/YRWall R=15 129,000 2,999 Windows R=3 622,702 14,476 Roof R=20 41,037 954 Infil. 0.15 ACH 281,689 6,548
Total 1,074,428 24,977
Wall R=20 98,001 2,278 Windows R=5 377,395 8,773 Roof R=30 27,084 630 Infil. 0.1 ACH 209,563 4,872
Total 712,043 16,553
Wall R=25 79,328 1,844 Windows R=7 264,177 6,141 Roof R=35 22,981 534 Infil. 0.05 ACH 137,437 3,195
Total 503,923 11,715
Min. Code
High Efficiency
Very High Efficiency
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
High performance envelope
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Enabling Technology #5:Enabling Technology #5:
•• Optimization Process:Optimization Process:
• Fenestration size & dimensions• Shading type & configuration• Glazing performance• Total energy analysis
for each exposure• Lighting energy• Heating energy• Cooling energy VANZELM
E N G I N E E R S
Controlled lighting / daylighting
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
• Displacement ventilation for auditorium and classrooms• Aircuity air monitoring for active reset of space air change rates• High efficiency high temperature chiller and waterside
economizer• High temperature chilled water cooling / preheat during cold
weather
Additional Sustainable Design FeaturesAdditional Sustainable Design Features
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Additional Sustainable Design FeaturesAdditional Sustainable Design Features
• Low pressure drop ductwork distribution systems
• Bypass dampers and all coils
• Mixed mode ventilation for gallery area
• Refrigeration heat recovery for domestic water preheat
• Storm water recycling system
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Presentation to:Dartmouth CollegeJanuary 21, 2010
van Zelm Engineers10 Talcott Notch RoadFarmington, CT 06032(860) 284-5064 www.vanzelm.com
VANZELME N G I N E E R S
Metrics to Modeling ComparisonMetrics to Modeling Comparison
VANZELME N G I N E E R S