Download - Building Blocks of Organic Compounds Madison Southern High School Biology Unit - Biochemistry
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Building Blocks of
Organic Compounds
Madison Southern High SchoolBiology
Unit - Biochemistry
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What is an organic
compound?
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– C, H, N, O, P, S 98% of living matter
– Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn electron carriers
– Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca only as ions
– trace elements
Biochemistry
What are living things made of?
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Why These 16?
– Unique chemical properties• C, N, O: form multiple strong bonds• P: part of ATP/DNA; bonds store
energy
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• Most macromolecules are polymers– monomer– polymer– macromolecule
What is a polymer?
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1) Carbohydrates2) Lipids3) Proteins4) Nucleic Acids
4 types of organic compounds
Essential for all living things
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Monosaccharides
Bonds – Black Carbon – Red Hydrogen – Blue Oxygen – Green
Draw the structures of the three Monosaccharides.
The three structures are isomers. What does that mean?
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MonosaccharidesGLUCOSE
GALACTOSEBonds – Black Carbon – Red Hydrogen – Blue Oxygen – Green
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Carbohydrates
• contain C, H, O
• Important because they contain a great deal of energy which is stored in the bonds
• called sugar or saccharide
With energy from light, plants can
build sugars from carbon dioxide
and water.
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1) Monosaccharide2) Disaccharide
3) Polysaccharide
3 Types of Carbohydrates
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3 Types of Carbohydrates
1) Monosaccharide – monomer
- Single sugar made of 5 or 6 carbon atoms
Examples of Monosaccharides
Glucose
- main source of energy for plants and animals - metabolized during cellular respiration- plants make it during photosynthesis
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2 More Monosaccharide's
Fructose Galactose
- Fruit sugar- Sweetest sugar
- milk sugar
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Sucrose-common table sugar-this sugar is transported throughout the plant- formed when glucose & fructose react
Examples of Disaccharides
2. DisaccharidesTwo sugar molecule
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…MORE Examples of Disaccharides
Lactose Maltose
- main sugar in milk- formed when glucose & galactose react
- used to make beer - formed when two glucose react
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How to make a Disaccharide
Condensation or Dehydration synthesis reactions
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Condensation or Dehydration Synthesis
of a Disaccharide
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Formation of Disaccharides
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How to digest or break down a disaccharide?
• Hydrolysis Reaction– Must use or split a water molecule
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Hydrolysis of a Disaccharide
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3. Polysaccharides
3) Polysaccharide – Polymer
- Made by condensation reactions- Bonding Many simple sugar molecules together to form the macromolecules
- Can be made of 1000s of monosaccharides
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Examples of Polysaccharides
Humans cannot digest these polysaccharides
Cellulose Chitin
-made of long chains of glucose- major building blocks of plants-Gives strength and rigidity to plant cells
-made of long chains of glucose- Composes exoskeletons of insects-Similar to cellulose.
Structural
Polymers
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3 Types of Carbohydrates
…MORE Examples of Polysaccharides
StarchAnimals can digest
GlycogenAnimals can digest
- made of long chains of glucose- plants store extra glucose sugar as starch in roots and stems
-Animals store excess glucose (sugar) in the liver as glycogen-Made of long chains of glucose molecules-Glycogen is broken down to release glucose (quick energy)
Storage Polyme
rs
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How do digest or break down Polysaccharides?
By Hydrolysis Reactions
• Polysaccharides are digested by hydrolysis reactions just like disaccharides.
• Must use a water molecule for each bond broken between simple sugar molecules.
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Examples of Carbohydrates
The small black granules (dots) are glycogen.
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Lipids-Fats, Oils,Sterols
Glycerol – C3H5(OH)3
Saturated Fatty Acid – C5H11COOH
Unsaturated Fatty Acid – C5H9COOH
Monomers of Lipids
Bonds – Black Carbon – Red Hydrogen – Blue Oxygen – Green
LOOK in your book on page 58
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Lipids
-Fatty Acid – monomer
- COOH carboxyl group at one end (polar)
- Attracted to water (hydrophilic)
- Hydrocarbon end (nonpolar)
- tends not to interact with water (hydrophobic)
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What is the difference betweensaturated and unsaturated fats?
Lipids
Liquids at room temperature - olive oil, corn oil.
Solid at room temperature - animal fats (bacon, lard, butter)
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• At room temperature, saturated fats are usually solid.
• Source: primarily in animal products including beef, lamb, pork and chicken, egg yolk, dairy fats of cream, milk, cheese, butter; coconut and palm oil; non-dairy creams because they contain coconut oil
• Consumption of saturated fats has been linked with risk of coronary heart disease:– sources of saturated fat are full of
cholesterol (except coconut and palm oil) – diet high in saturated fat facilitates
cholesterol synthesis by the liver (including coconut and palm oil)
Saturated Fats
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Unsaturated Fats•At room temperature, unsaturated fats are usually liquid.
•Monounsaturated•Sources: olive, peanut, canola, rape oil, almonds, avocado
•Polyunsaturated•Sources: sunflower, soybean, corn, and safflower oil, fish oil, walnuts, sesame seeds, pumpkin seeds, tofu, lard
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Trans-unsaturated fatty acids (TFA)
• TFA are product of hydrogenation which increases the saturation of fatty acids within oils and converts natural cis to trans configuration
• Hydrogenation= industrial process that chemically transforms a low melting point oil into a solid fat with a higher melting point to enhance product taste, stability and shelf life.
• Found in commercially fried foods (French fries, popcorn), commercial baked goods and snacks (cakes, cookies, biscuits), margarine, and cheap vegetable shortenings (not in e.g. Flora, Rama).
• Trans-fatty acids have many adverse metabolic effects including elevation of LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, reduction in HDL cholesterol, and adverse effects on endothelial function, inflammatory markers, and probably insulin resistance.
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Types of Lipids
Phospholipids
• Lipids that are found in a membrane or barrier of a cell or cell structures - Used mainly
for structure
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Lipids
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Types of Lipids
Triglycerides
- Energy storage - High energy molecules (twice the energy found in glucose)
- Found in cells – cushions and insulates body and nerves
Made from 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acid tails = triglyceride
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Types of Lipids
Waxes
- Forms a barrier for protection
Ear waxWaxy leaves
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Types of Lipids
Steroids
- Ring structures (no fatty acids)
- Animal hormones – testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
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Proteins
• Polymers (polypeptides) are formed from 20 different monomers (amino acids)
• Structure of an amino acid
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R groups (shaded white)determine the chemical properties of anamino acid
Amino Acids
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Making a polypeptide chain•peptide bonds form between COOH and NH2
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Amino acids build two types of proteins
1) Structural: This type is used in building structures in an organism
2) Chemical: This type gets involved in chemical reactions. Antibodies and enzymes perform chemical chores.
Proteins
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Nucleic Acids
- Store important information in the cell
- Consist of nucleotides (monomer)
Nucleotide
-5 carbon sugar
-Phosphate group
-Nitrogen base
-Adenine
-Cytosine
-Thymine
-Guanine
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DNA and RNA are polymers, composed of thousands of monomers
(nucleotides)
Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids
DNA contains information essential for cell activities.
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Nucleic Acids
RNA stores and
transfers information necessary for making proteins.
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ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
A nucleotide
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ATP: Adenosine Triphosphate
A nucleotide
- Primary energy source for the cell
- Key to ATP’s usefulness 3 phosphate groups
Let’s Read ATP, Your Rechargeable Battery
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Review
Carbohydrates
What is the polymer?
What is the monomer?
Polysaccharide Cellulose
Starch Glycogen
Monosaccharide
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Review
Lipids
What is the polymer?
What is the monomer?
Lipids
Fatty Acids
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Review
Nucleic Acids
What is the polymer?
What is the monomer?
Nucleotide
Nucleic Acids DNA
RNA
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What are the parts of a nucleotide?
SUGAR
P
BASE
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What is the polymer?
Review
Proteins
What is the monomer?
Amino Acids
Polypeptides