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International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development
Kathmandu, Nepal
Building Back Better Brick Kilns
in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal
Bidya Banmali Pradhan
Atmospheric Environment Specialist
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Brick Production
Global production ~ 1500 Billion
bricks/Year
Vietnam2%
Rest of the world11%
South Asia20%
China67%
India78%
Pakistan15%
Bangladesh5%
Nepal2%
South Asia production ~ 310 Billion bricks/Year
Largest stationary sources of BC emissions internationally include brick kilns, coke
ovens, and industrial boiler, accounting for 20% of total worldwide black carbon (BC)
emissions
• India ~ 100,000
• Pakistan ~11,000
• Bangladesh ~ 6338
• Nepal ~ 800
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Also damaged :
~350 brick kilns in
Nepal, including 105
kilns within the
Kathmandu Valley
289,000 houses-
destroyed
255,000 houses damaged
~25,000 public buildings
destroyed or damaged
Nepal Earthquake, 25 April 2015
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Crisis into Opportunity
• Seismic consideration
• Improved energy efficiency
• Lower emissions
• Worker-friendly
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Multi-sector Policy Meeting
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Preparation of kiln rebuilding
manual
• Output of four months of intensive work
• A technical committee comprising of experts and entrepreneurs from Nepal and India
• Detailed assessment of damaged kilns
• Design incorporates both practical experiences and scientific analysis
• Consultation and feedback from broad range of stakeholders includingTERI, Punjab State Council, CPCB
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Manual Launch
First of its kind in South Asia
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Tunnel KilnHybrid Hoffman Kiln
Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln
Bulls Trench KilnClamp Kiln
Fixed Chimney BTKMoving Chimney BTK
Fixed Chimney zig-zag BTK
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Fixed Chimney Bull Trench Kiln
Preheating zone
Firing zone
Cooling zone
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ModificationHeat loss - 4.7 to1.6%,
structurally safe
Seismic safe,
VFD fan for better control
Fast construction
Ground heat loss minimum
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Straight Line and Zig-zag Firing
FCBTK Zigzag kiln
FCBTK Zigzag kiln
200-400gm1-1.5Kg
Time for firing process
FCBTK: 14-20 days
Zig-Zag: 6-12 days
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Preliminary Measurement Result
Name Kiln Type PM 2.5
(mg/m3)
Tri- Mahesh
(TM)
Natural
draft
straight
line
Non-
feeding
51
Feeding 557
Jai Ambe Natural draft zig-zag 53
Swet Bhairab Forced draft zig-zag 169
RK Forced draft zig-zag 127
Mountain Air Engineering
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Build Back Better
• Structurally safe and earthquake-resistant
• Energy efficient ~ 20-30% compare to ND straight line
• Lower emitting ~ 20-40% reduction in emissions
• Better quality bricks ~ 90% A class bricks, breakage below 5%
• Less coal
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Win-Win
Cleaner
Brick Kilns
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Thank you !!!
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Short film on kiln reconstruction