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BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design
Kim Jenkins
SARF Course on BSMs
KZN DoT13 and 14 August 2015
tellenbosch
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Life is full of surprises…
Try to keep them to a minimum
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Primary Design Objectives
• Load spreading
– Resilient Modulus (Mr)
• Rut resistance
– Shear Strength
• Flexibility
– Displacement at Ultimate Strength
• Durability
– Moisture resistance
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Early South African pavements
CEMENT STABILISED BASE
40mm HMA SURFACING
Selected subgrade layer
REFLECTIVE CRACKING
Key pavement considerations
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The South African “inverted” pavement
CEMENT STABILISED SUBBASE
40mm HMA SURFACING
CRUSHED STONE BASE
Selected subgrade layer
CRACK PREVENTION LAYER
The Concept
HIGHER COMPACTION HIGHER Mr WATER!!!!
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The South African “upside-down” pavement
CEMENT STABILISED SUBBASE
40mm HMA SURFACING
Selected subgrade layer
The Upgrade
BITUMEN STABILISED BASE
Distress Mode?
UnboundPermanent deformation
(shear/ruts)
BoundFatigue
(cracking)
Durability??
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MOISTURE
TEMPERATURE
TRAFFIC
AGGREGATESSUPPORT
BINDERS
Factors influencing mix selection
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Traffic vs Classes of BSM
• BSM1
• BSM2
• BSM3
• > 6 MESA
• High shear strength
• Crushed stone or RAP
• 1 to 6 MESA
• Mod shear strength
• Graded nat gravel, RAP
• < 1 MESA
• Soil gravel or sand
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AGGREGATES/COMPACTION
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37.5
26.5
19.0
13.2
9.5
6.7
4.7
5
2.0
0
0.8
5
0.4
25
0.2
5
0.1
5
0.0
75
Sieve Size (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100P
erc
en
t P
assin
g
Less suitable
Marginal
MarginalIdeal
37.5
26.5
19.0
13.2
9.5
6.7
4.7
5
2.0
0
0.8
5
0.4
25
0.2
5
0.1
5
0.0
75
Sieve Size (mm)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100P
erc
en
t P
assin
g
Less suitable
Marginal
MarginalIdeal
BSM Grading requirements (1)
Emulsion slightly coarser than foam
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BSM Aggregate requirements (2)
Emulsion Foam
• PI < 7% PI < 10%
• P0.075> 2% P0.075> 4%
• Reclaimed asphalt RA + (15 to 25% Crusher dust)
• Triaxial tests at representative temperature (especially hot regions)
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<30 RAP: Recovered pen >30
<5% RAP: Recovered BC(%) >5%
<2% Emulsion Residual BC >2%
No Rejuvenating Agent Yes
TG2/Wirtgen Mix Design Marshall/Superpave
Bitumen StabilisedNon-continuously
boundContinuously
bound
Asphaltic
BSM: RAP Influence
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Vibratory Compaction Hammer
Rear View of Frame
Kango Hammer
Mould
Zero Line
Sleeve
Base Plate
Steel Rod
Side of Mould
Vibratory Hammer
Wooden base
To prepare specimens
Kelfkens, U Stell
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Influence of Tamping Foot
Sleeve
Vibratory Hammer
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Compaction time (vibratory)
Phase Level 1 Level 2 Level 3
Test ITS ITS UCS Triaxial
Foot φ 100mm 150mm 150mm 150mm
Height 65mm 95mm 125mm 300mm
Layers 1 2 2 5
Surchg 5 kg 10 kg 10 kg 10 kg
Foam 10 sec 25 sec 25 sec 25 sec
Emuls 10 sec 15 sec 15 sec 15 sec
Co
mp
Tim
e
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BINDERS
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Quality Assessment: Foamed bitumen
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Emulsion Plant
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Bitumen Emulsion
Emulsifiers, acid
Hot water
Bitumen
Heat
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Oil in water emulsion (O/W)
Oil phase
Water phase
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Bitumen Emulsion Types
BITUMEN EMULSION
Fatty Acids+ NaOH
-ve
Amines+ HCl+ve
No charge
Cationic Anionic Non-IonicType
Emulsifier
pH10 -12ALKALI
2 – 6ACID
7NEUTRAL
RSA BSMsGlobal BSMs
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Factors influencing mix design
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TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
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Curing Protocol TG22009
CURING METHOD
Preliminary Mix Design
All BSMs72 hours at
40 °C, unsealed
Level 2 & 3 Mix Design
BSM-foam20 hours at 30 °C unsealed
48 hours at 40 °C sealed
BSM-emulsion26 hours at 30 °C unsealed
48 hours at 40 °C sealed
Level 1 Mix Design
CURING METHOD
Preliminary Mix Design
All BSMs72 hours at
40 °C, unsealed
Level 2 & 3 Mix Design
BSM-foam20 hours at 30 °C unsealed
48 hours at 40 °C sealed
BSM-emulsion26 hours at 30 °C unsealed
48 hours at 40 °C sealed
BSM-foam20 hours at 30 °C unsealed
48 hours at 40 °C sealed
BSM-emulsion26 hours at 30 °C unsealed
48 hours at 40 °C sealed
Level 1 Mix Design
“dry”
“equilibrium”“equilibrium”
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Curing Protocol (BSM lab)ConditionsSimulated
“dry”
Constant mass @ 40oC
“wet”
Soak 24hrs @ 25oC
60% of OMC @ 40oC, seal
“equilibrium”
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CURING: FIELD VALIDATION
Mr (MPa)
EMC (%)
Time
?BASE
PROPERTY
PSPA
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Mr (field) versus cure
N7 PSPA Mr Analys is over 7 Months
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
0 50 100 150 200 250
Tim e (days)
Mr
(MP
a)
B1-B3 B4-B6 Poly. (B4-B6)
PSPA
Moisture
Mr
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MIX DESIGN
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Mix Design(TG2, 2009)
PRELIMINARY STEPS
•Aggregate selection and blending
•Aggregate classification
•Pre-treatment
LEVEL 1 Mix Design
•Using Selected Aggregate Blend
•Consider Climate & Early Traffic
Treatment Type Foamed BitumenBitumen Emulsion
Expansion Ratio
& Half-life
Acceptable?
Aggregate-EmulsionCompatibility
Acceptable?Compaction & CureVibratory or Marshall
φ=100mm specimens•ITS dry and soak
NO
•Select bitumen type and content
•Select filler type and content
•Results acceptable?
LEVEL 2 MIX DESIGN
Vibratory Compaction & Cure at Optimums
φ=150mm h=127mm• ITS equil and ITS soak
LEVEL 3 MIX DESIGN
NO
Vibratory Compaction & Cure at Optimums
φ=150mm h=300mm•Triaxial (monotonic)
• MIST (wet) triaxial
FINALISE MIX SELECTIONDETERMINE DEMAC AND CERTAINTY
YES
YES
NO
Done
NO
•Optimise bitumen content
•Check ITS results
•Results acceptable?
Design Traffic < 3 MESA
DoneDesign Traffic < 6 MESA
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
PRELIMINARY STEPS
•Aggregate selection and blending
•Aggregate classification
•Pre-treatment
LEVEL 1 Mix Design
•Using Selected Aggregate Blend
•Consider Climate & Early Traffic
Treatment Type Foamed BitumenBitumen Emulsion
Expansion Ratio
& Half-life
Acceptable?
Aggregate-EmulsionCompatibility
Acceptable?Compaction & CureVibratory or Marshall
φ=100mm specimens•ITS dry and soak
NO
•Select bitumen type and content
•Select filler type and content
•Results acceptable?
LEVEL 2 MIX DESIGN
Vibratory Compaction & Cure at Optimums
φ=150mm h=127mm• ITS equil and ITS soak
LEVEL 3 MIX DESIGN
NO
Vibratory Compaction & Cure at Optimums
φ=150mm h=300mm•Triaxial (monotonic)
• MIST (wet) triaxial
FINALISE MIX SELECTIONDETERMINE DEMAC AND CERTAINTY
YES
YES
NO
Done
NO
•Optimise bitumen content
•Check ITS results
•Results acceptable?
Design Traffic < 3 MESA
DoneDesign Traffic < 6 MESA
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
PRELIMINARY STEPS
•Aggregate selection and blending
•Aggregate classification
•Pre-treatment
LEVEL 1 Mix Design
•Using Selected Aggregate Blend
•Consider Climate & Early Traffic
Treatment Type Foamed BitumenBitumen Emulsion
Expansion Ratio
& Half-life
Acceptable?
Aggregate-EmulsionCompatibility
Acceptable?Compaction & CureVibratory or Marshall
φ=100mm specimens•ITS dry and soak
NO
•Select bitumen type and content
•Select filler type and content
•Results acceptable?
LEVEL 2 MIX DESIGN
Vibratory Compaction & Cure at Optimums
φ=150mm h=127mm• ITS equil and ITS soak
LEVEL 3 MIX DESIGN
NO
Vibratory Compaction & Cure at Optimums
φ=150mm h=300mm•Triaxial (monotonic)
• MIST (wet) triaxial
FINALISE MIX SELECTIONDETERMINE DEMAC AND CERTAINTY
YES
YES
NO
Done
NO
•Optimise bitumen content
•Check ITS results
•Results acceptable?
Design Traffic < 3 MESA
DoneDesign Traffic < 6 MESA
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES
NO
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Mix Design(Wirtgen, 2012)
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Bitumen Stabilised Material
Non-continuously bound
Continuously bound
Asphalt
DIFFERENT BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS
Testing the Material
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BSM = non-continuously bound
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
UCS (kPa)
150m
m I
TSw
et (
kPa)
MR439 Zambia Greece
UCS versus ITS
Developing the Right Tools
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Mix Design Approach(TG2, 2009)
• Preliminary tests
• Level 1
• Level 2
• Level 3
• Grading, MDD, OMC, Atterberg Limits (PI)
• 100mmφ Marshall ITS
• Binder, Active filler
• 150mmφ ITS for OBC
• > 3 MESA refine OBC
• 150mmφ 300H Triaxial
• >6 MESA reliability
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2013 BSM Stabilisation Design1
Natural Material Charactr
Grading
Moisture density (Mod)
Atterberg Limits (PI)
ITS – select active filler
Step 1
150mmφdry
wet
Typical Bitumen %
0% 1%Lime 1%Cem
3 reps
![Page 36: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Typical Bitumen % for BSM-foam
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Typical Bitumen % BSM-emulsion
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2013 BSM Stabilisation Design1
Natural Material Charactr
Grading
Moisture density (Mod)
Atterberg Limits (PI)
ITS – select active filler
Step 1
150mmφdry
wet
ITS – select bitumen %
Step 2
150mmφdry
wetequil
Typical Bitumen %
0% 1%Lime 1%Cem
3 reps
Selected active filler
-0.4% -0.2% 0% +0.2%
3 reps Bit %
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Ref: (Wirtgen,
2012)
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Binder type & content – Level 1
ITS
BSM Binder Content
ITSdry
ITSwet
BSM2
Min ITSdry
Min ITSwet
Min BC
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2013 BSM Stabilisation Design3
Step 3
150mmφ
300mmH
σ1
σ2 σ2=σ3
Triaxial: Shear properties
Final mix selection
Reliable performance related properties
Flexibility?
C
ϕτ
σ0 50 100 200 kPa
4 σ3 x 2 reps = 8 specimens
Equilibrium
C
ϕτ
σ100 kPa
1 σ3 x 2 reps = 2 specimens
Wet
![Page 42: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Level 1 and 2 Classification
Test Dia φmm
BSM1 (kPa)
BSM2 (kPa)
BSM3 (kPa)
Comments
ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225
125 to 175
Indicates OBC
ITSwet 100 >100 75 to 100
50 to 75
Indicates active filler type & amt
TSR 100 Not applicable Prob mat TSR < 50 % ITSdry > 400 kPa
ITSequil 150 >175 135 to 175
95 to 135
OBC refined
ITSsoaked 150 >100 75 to 100
50 to 75
Adjusted to ITSwet
![Page 43: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Critical Material Properties• Tri-axial test to determine:
– Shear parameters ( C & ϕ )– Resilient modulus ( Mr )
– Permanent deformation behaviour
σ1
t
σ1
tC
ϕτ
σ
εi
t
εp
log t
![Page 44: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Triaxial Testing
![Page 45: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Effect of using BSMτ
σ
Shear stress
Normal stress
C = Cohesion
φ Friction angle
Higher
Cohesion
Effect of Binder
![Page 46: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Typical target binder contents
>75% RAP + Cr Dust
Granular GM > 2
Granular GM < 2
Typical Binder Cont. (%)
2% 2.5% 3%
![Page 47: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Shear properties (monotonic triaxial at 25°C)
Cohesion C
0
100
200
300
400
500
A-7
5C
-0
B-7
5C
-0
C-7
5C
-0
A-7
5C
-1
B-7
5C
-1
C-7
5C
-1
A-7
5M
-0
B-7
5M
-0
C-7
5M
-0
Co
hesio
n [
kP
a]
E E E E E E FFF20
25
30
35
40
45
50
A-7
5C
-0
B-7
5C
-0
C-7
5C
-0
A-7
5C
-1
B-7
5C
-1
C-7
5C
-1
A-7
5M
-0
B-7
5M
-0
C-7
5M
-0
Fri
cti
on
an
gle
[d
eg
rees]
Friction Angle φ
E E E E E E FFF
Ebels
25% RAP 25% RAP75% RAP 75% RAP
![Page 48: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Simple triaxial trials - with latex membrane as confining tube
(Mulusa)
![Page 49: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
New “Simple triaxial”
![Page 50: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Research Triaxial Test RTT versus Simple Triaxial Test STT
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
Strain [%]
Ap
pli
ed
Str
ess [
kP
a]
RTT
STT
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
Strain [%]
Ap
pli
ed
Str
ess [
kP
a]
RTT
STT
BSM Crushed Hornfels with 3.3% Emulsion
σ3 =50 kPa and 1% Cement σ3 = 200 kPa and 0% Cem
![Page 51: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
BSM Classification ito Shear Properties
Cohesion (kPa)
> 250
100 – 250
50 – 100
Angle of Internal Friction (º)
> 40
30 to 40
< 30
Equivalent BSM Class
BSM 1
BSM 2
BSM 3
![Page 52: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
MOISTURE DAMAGE
![Page 53: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Durability of BSMs: Improved Tests- Untreated Material Properties - Moisture sensitivity tests
Moisture Induction Sensitivity Test MIST
(Twagira)
![Page 54: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
50mmlayer
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
0 10 20 30 40 50
Foam +1%Lime
Foam +1%Cement
Pulsing time (sec)
De
gre
eo
fs
atu
rati
on
(%)
MIST saturation time
![Page 55: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Effect of moistureτ
σ
Shear stress
Normal stress
C
Cohesion
φ Friction angle
Lower Cohesion
Effect of Moisture
![Page 56: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Retained Cohesion (Twagira)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Q+ 0C -F
Q+ 1C -F
Q+ 1L -F
Q+ 1C-E
Q+ 1L -E
H+ 0C -E
H+ 1C -E
H+ 1L -E
BSM 1
BSM 2
BSM 3
Res
idua
l coh
esio
n [%
]
Tested BSMs
![Page 57: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
BSM Classification ito Moisture Resistance
Retained Cohesion (%)
> 75
60 – 75
50 – 60
< 50
Equivalent BSM Class
BSM 1
BSM 2
BSM 3
Unsuitable
![Page 58: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
SUPPORT
![Page 59: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Strain
Str
ess
(k
Pa
)Dissipated Energy
W = 0.5 σεA1A2
BSM+2%cem
BSM+1%cem
![Page 60: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Ve
rtic
al
Dis
pla
ce
me
nt
at
ITS
ma
x (
mm
)
Active Filler Content (%)
ITS wet (All)
85% RA Emul
85% RA Foam
75% RA Foam
25% RA Emul
85% RA Emul
85% RA Emul
85% RA Foam
ITS displacement measures (from Mix Design)
![Page 61: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Triaxial data from Mix Design
Can refine by separating data based on σ3
![Page 62: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
So we need quality from structural design
![Page 63: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Conclusions
• Understanding of material behaviour of BSMs has increased significantly
• Active filler versus bitumen content is very important
• More advanced test methods (triaxial)
• Mix Design is linked to Structural Design method for BSMs
![Page 64: BSM Stabilisation (Mix) Design - SARF · Level 1 and 2 Classification Test Dia φ mm BSM1 (kPa) BSM2 (kPa) BSM3 (kPa) Comments ITSdry 100 >225 175 to 225 125 to 175 Indicates OBC](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022060907/60a1a7581e161a06987be257/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Thank you
Questions??