![Page 1: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorum • Dominant winter annual
grasses • Dominance is associated with
dramatic increases in fire • Respond positively to
disturbance by fire • Little success in eradication
of Bromus on large scale • Current methods include
prescribed burns, mowing or grazing, and herbicide use – each method having
advantages and disadvantages
B. diandrus
![Page 3: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Biological Control
• Introduced biological agents are most effective when they exhibit:
– Narrow host range
– Climatic adaptability
– Synchrony with host life cycle
– High reproductive potential
– Survival at low host density
Entomophaga maimaiga
![Page 4: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ustilago bullata
• Fungus
• Causal organism for head smut disease of grasses
• Seedling-infecting pathogen that grows systemically and then sporulates in the host inflorescence eliminating seed production
• Meyer’s work investigated host-specificity of U. bullata and almost never found pathotypes that could infect native grasses
Ustilago bullata observed on Bromus diandrus
![Page 5: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ustilago bullata can sometimes reach epidemic proportions (Gossen & Turnbull 1995)
May 2013 90% of B. rubens and B. tectorum
Infected with Ustilago bullata
April 2014 Bromus << 1% cover
Photos by Edith Allen
![Page 6: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Factors that determine disease incidence
1.) Host density
– Dense grass promotes high incidence of disease – Low density of grass results in lower incidence of smut
2.) Requires close synchronization with host seed germination
– Infections occur when the hosts coleoptile emerges – Bromus seeds can germinate any time from early Fall through
mid-spring 3.) Temperature
– Infection occurs between 12-25 °C, but disease is less frequent when temperature exceed 20 °C (Boguena et al. 2014)
– We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower incidence than high desert sites
![Page 7: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Complex Dimorphic Life Cycle
![Page 8: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Complex Dimorphic Life Cycle
![Page 9: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Complex Dimorphic Life Cycle
![Page 10: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Goals
1.) Compared species of Ustilago infecting Bromus rubens in its native range (Spain) to species in its invaded range (California)
* Origin of Ustilago bullata?
2.) Isolate and germinate teliospores to test Ustilago bullata as a biocontrol agent
3.) Test on non-target species
![Page 11: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Methods • Smutted host plants Bromus diandrus,
and B. rubens were collected from different vegetation types in southern California and Spain and stored at room temperature.
• Fungal DNA was extracted from teliospores of infected seeds and sequenced for identification of fungal species
![Page 12: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
California Samples Been found in many different ecosystems throughout southern California
![Page 13: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Spanish Populations
![Page 14: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ustilago bullata observed on
Bromus rubens, B. tectorum,
and B. diandrus
Photo: Edith Allen
![Page 15: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Results • Spanish populations revealed three species of Ustilago in Bromus rubens including U. bullata, U. hordei, and U. avenae
•U. bullata was the only species found infecting Bromus species in California populations
• Based on phylogenic analyses we found similar strains of U. bullata in Spanish and California population
•Other studies have demonstrated U. bullata races on Bromus tectorum traveled with it to the introduced range (Meyer et al. 2005)
Tree by Matt O’Neill
![Page 16: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Culturing Ustilago • Is difficult! • Smutted seeds of Bromus diandrus from the abundant stand
at UC Riverside, California were surface sterilized with 10% bleach, germinated on potato dextrose agar with antibiotics.
• Media were left to incubate at room temperature (21°C)
• Resulting yeast cultures were identified through DNA sequencing.
![Page 17: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Ustilago bullata
• Introduced biological agents are most effective when they exhibit:
– Narrow host range ?
– Climatic adaptability ?
– Synchrony with host life cycle YES
– High reproductive potential YES
– Survival at low host density ?
![Page 18: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Future directions
• Inoculation of Bromus with shake cultures of yeast –like sporidia
• Test for host specificity – Does it infect native grasses
– Cereal crops?
• Inoculate in field trials
![Page 19: Bromus diandrus, B. rubens, B.tectorumDec 04, 2017 · advantages and disadvantages B. diandrus . Biological Control ... – We have found that Mediterranean climate sites have lower](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022011922/6043300b1fcd3a1f920a7f9a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Acknowledgements
Matthew O’Neill Michael Allen Edith Allen Akif Eskalen Elizabeth Holmes Joey Mayorquin Violet Khin Amanda Haraksin Members of the Allen and Eskalen labs