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DecorativeTudorbrickchimneys,HamptonCourtPalace,UK

Twelfthcenturytemplebrickwork,Ayutthaya,Thailand

Thecoordinatingprinciple

BrickworkFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Brickworkismasonryproducedbyabricklayer,usingbricksandmortar.Typically,rowsofbrickscalledcourses[1][2]arelaidontopofoneanothertobuildupastructuresuchasabrickwall.

Brickisapopularmediumforconstructingbuildings,andexamplesofbrickworkarefoundrightbackthroughhistoryasfarastheBronzeAge.ThefiredbrickfacesofthezigguratofancientDurKurigalzuinIraqdatefromaround1400BC,andthebrickbuildingsofancientMohenjodaroinPakistanwerebuiltaround2600BC.Mucholderexamplesofbrickworkmadewithdried(butnotfired)bricksmaybefoundinsuchancientlocationsasJerichointheWestBank,atalHykinAnatolia,andMehrgarhinPakistan.ThesestructureshavesurvivedfromtheStoneAgetothepresentday.

Contents

1Orientation2Cut3Bonding4Wallties5Thickness6Loadbearingbonds

6.1Coursesofmixedheadersandstretchers6.2Onestretchingcourseperheadingcourse6.3Twoormorestretchingcourseperheadingcourse6.4Onlystretchingorheadingcourses6.5Oneormorestretchingcoursesperalternatingcourse6.6Coursesofmixedrowlocksandshiners6.7Oneshinercourseperheadingcourse

7Nonloadbearingbonds7.1Coursesofmixedshinersandsailors7.2Brickworkbuiltaroundsquarefractionalsizedbricks

8Diapering8.1FlemishDiagonalbond

9Dampproofcourses10Seealso11References12Bibliography13Externallinks

Partsofbrickworkincludebricks,bedsandperpends.Thebedisthemortaruponwhichabrickislaid.[3]Aperpendisaverticaljointbetweenanytwobricksandisusuallybutnotalwaysfilledwithmortar.[4]Thedimensionsofthesepartsare,ingeneral,coordinatedsothattwobrickslaidsidebysideseparatedonlybythewidthofaperpendhaveatotalwidthidenticaltothelengthofasinglebricklaidtransverselyontopofthem.

AnexampleofacoordinatingmetriccommonlyusedforbricksintheUKisasfollows:[5][6][7]

Bricksofdimensions215mmx102.5mm65mmMortarbedsandperpendsofauniform10mm.

Inthiscasethecoordinatingmetricworksbecausethetotalwidthoftwobricks(102.5mm+102.5mm=205mm)plusaperpendofmortar(10mm)isequaltothelengthofasinglebrick(215mm).

Therearemanyotherbricksizesworldwide,andmanyofthemusethissamecoordinatingprinciple.

Orientation

Abrickisgivenaclassificationbasedonhowitislaid,andhowtheexposedfaceisorientedrelativetothefaceofthefinishedwall.

StretcherAbricklaidwithitslongnarrowsideexposed.[8]

Header



Sixpositions

Abricklaidflatwithitswidthatthefaceofthewall,orparalleltothefaceofthewall.[8]Soldier

Abricklaidverticallywiththelongnarrowsideofthebrickexposed.[9]Sailor

Abricklaidverticallywiththebroadfaceofthebrickexposed.[10]Rowlock

Abricklaidonthelongnarrowsidewiththeshortendofthebrickexposed.[11]Shiner

Abricklaidonthelongnarrowsidewiththebroadfaceofthebrickexposed.AlsoknownasaRowlockStretcher.[12]

Cut

Thepracticeoflayinguncutfullsizedbrickswhereverpossiblegivesbrickworkitsmaximumpossiblestrength.Inthediagramsbelow,uncutfullsizedbricksarecolouredasfollows:

Stretchers:Abricklaidwithitslong,narrowsideexposed.

Header:Abricklaidwithitsshortsideexposed.

Occasionallythoughabrickmustbecuttofitagivenspace,ortobetherightshapeforfulfillingsomeparticularpurposesuchasgeneratinganoffset,orlapatthebeginningofacourse.[13]Inthediagramsbelow,themostcommonlyusedcutsforgeneratingoffsetsarecolouredasfollows:

Threequarterbatstretching:Abrickcuttothreequartersofitslength,andlaidwithitslong,narrowsideexposed.

Threequarterbatheading:Abrickcuttothreequartersofitslength,andlaidwithitsshortsideexposed.

Halfbat:Abrickcutinhalfacrossitslength.

Queencloser:Abrickcutinhalfdownitswidth.[14]

Lessfrequentlyusedcutsareallcolouredasfollows:

Quarterbat:Abrickcuttoaquarterofitslength.

Threequarterqueencloser:Aqueenclosercuttothreequartersofitslength.

Kingcloser:Abrickwithonecornercutaway,leavingoneheaderfaceathalfitsstandardwidth.[15]

Bonding

Anearlyuniversalruleallowingforbrickworktobestableunderevenmodestloadsisthatperpendsshouldnotverticallyaligninanytwosuccessivecourses.Ifthisruleisobserved,thentheforceactingonanybrickisdistributedacrossawiderareainthenextsuccessivecourse.[16]

Asecondpracticeparticularlyobservedinolderexamplesofbrickworkisthatofbuildingbrickworkthickerthanthewidthofanyofitsindividualbricks.Inthesecases,anumberofthecomponentbricksaretiedtogetherintothedepthofthewall.If,forexample,awalldescribinganeastwestlineisunderconstruction,thenbricksorientedtopointnorthsouthmaybebuiltintothewidthofthewall,theirlengthspanningtwowidthsofbrickandtyingthebrickworkonthetransverseplane.Historically,thiswasthedominantmethodforconsolidatingthetransversestrengthofwalls.

Brickworkobservingeitherorbothofthesetwoconventionsisdescribedasbeinglaidinoneoranotherbond.[17][18]

Wallties

Theadventduringthemidtwentiethcenturyofthecavitywallsawthedevelopmentofanothermethodofstrengtheningbrickworkthewalltie.Acavitywallcomprisestwototallydiscretewallseachoneofwhichiscalledawytheorleaf.[19][20]Acavityseparatesthetwoleavessothatthereisnomasonryconnectionbetweenthematall.[21]Typicallythemainloadstakenbythefoundationsarecarriedtherebytheinnerleaf,andthemajorfunctionsoftheexternalleafaretoprotectthewholefromweather,andtoprovideafittingaestheticfinish.Althoughthetwoleavesmaynotsharethestructuralload,theirtransverserigiditystillneedstobeguaranteed,andmustcomefromsomesourceotherthaninterlockingbricks.Thedeviceusedtosatisfythisneedistheinsertionatregularintervalsofwalltiesintothecavitywall'smortarbeds.[22][23]

Thickness

Brickworkissaidtobeonebrickthickifithasatotalwidthequaltothelengthofoneofitsregularcomponentbricks.Accordingly,awallofasingleleafisawallofonehalfbrickthicknessawallwiththesimplestpossiblemasonrytransversebondissaidtobeonebrickthick,andsoon.[24]Thethicknessspecifiedforawallisdeterminedbysuchfactorsasdampproofingconsiderations,whetherornotthewallhasacavity,loadbearingrequirements,andexpense.[25][26]Wallthicknessspecificationhasprovenconsiderablyvarious,andwhilesomenonloadbearingbrickwallsmaybeaslittleashalfabrickthick,othersbrickwallswillbemuchthicker.TheMonadnockBuildinginChicagoforexampleisaverytallmasonry



building,andhasloadbearingbrickwallsnearlytwometresthickatthebase.[27]Themajorityofbrickwallsarehoweverusuallybetweenoneandthreebricksthick.Atthesemoremodestwallthicknesses,distinctpatternshaveemergedallowingforastructurallysoundlayoutofbricksinternaltoeachparticularspecifiedthicknessofwall.

Loadbearingbonds

Coursesofmixedheadersandstretchers

Flemishbond Monkbond Sussexbond

Flemishbond

Thisbondhasonestretcherbetweenheaders,withtheheaderscentredoverthestretchersinthecoursebelow.[28]

Whereacoursebeginswithaquoinstretcher,thecoursewillordinarilyterminatewithaquoinstretcherattheotherend.Thenextcourseupwillbeginwithaquoinheader.Forthecourse'ssecondbrick,aqueencloserislaid,generatingthelapofthebond.Thethirdbrickalongisastretcher,andisonaccountofthelapcentredabovetheheaderbelow.Thissecondcoursethenresumesitspairedrunofstretcherandheader,untilthefinalpairisreached,whereuponasecondandfinalqueencloserisinsertedasthepenultimatebrick,mirroringthearrangementatthebeginningofthecourse,anddulyclosingthebond.

SomeexamplesofFlemishbondincorporatestretchersofonecolourandheadersofanother.Thiseffectiscommonlyaproductoftreatingtheheaderfaceoftheheadingbrickswhilethebricksarebeingbakedaspartofthemanufacturingprocess.Someoftheheaderfacesareexposedtowoodsmoke,generatingagreybluecolour,whileothersimplyvitrifieduntiltheyreachadeeperbluecolour.Someheadershaveaglazedface,causedbyusingsaltinthefiring.SometimesStaffordshireBluebricksareusedfortheheadingbricks.[29][30]

BrickworkthatappearsasFlemishbondfromboththefrontandtherearisDoubleFlemishbond,socalledonaccountofthefrontandrearduplicationofthepattern.Ifthewallisarrangedsuchthatthebricksatthereardonothavethispattern,thenthebrickworkissaidtobeSingleFlemishbond.[31]

DoubleFlemishbondofonebricksthickness

Thecolourcodedplanshighlightfacingbricksintheeastwestwall.Anelevationforthiseastwestwallisshowntotheright.

Bysimplyplacingstretchersimmediatelytotherearofthefacestretchers,Flemishbondedbrickworkwithathicknessofonebrickisbuilt.

OverheadplanforalternatecoursesofDoubleFlemishbondofonebrick'sthickness



DoubleFlemishbondofoneandahalfbricksthickness


Alternately,facingbricksandthebricksbehindthefacingbricksmaybelaidingroupsoffourbricksandahalfbat.Thehalfbatsitsatthecentreofthegroupandthefourbricksareplacedaboutthehalfbat,inasquareformation.Thesegroupsarelaidnexttoeachotherforthelengthofacourse,makingbrickworkoneandahalfbricksthick.[32][33]

Topreservethebond,itisnecessarytolayathreequarterbatinsteadofaheaderfollowingaquoinstretcheratthecornerofthewall.Thisfacthasnobearingontheappearanceofthewallthechoiceofbrickappearstothespectatorlikeanyordinaryheader.

DoubleFlemishbondoftwobricksthickness


Foramoresubstantialwall,aheadermaybelaiddirectlybehindthefaceheader,afurthertwoheaderslaidat90behindthefacestretcher,andthenfinallyastretcherlaidtotherearofthesetwoheaders.Thispatterngeneratesbrickworkafulltwobricksthick.

DoubleFlemishbondoftwoandahalfbricksthickness


OverheadplanforalternatecoursesofDoubleFlemishbondofoneandahalfbricks'thickness

OverheadplanforalternatecoursesofDoubleFlemishbondoftwobricks'thickness

OverheadplanforalternatecoursesofDoubleFlemishbondoftwoandahalfbricks'thickness



DoubleFlemishbondofthreebricksthickness


Forastillmoresubstantialwall,twoheadersmaybelaiddirectlybehindthefaceheader,afurthertwopairsofheaderslaidat90behindthefacestretcher,andthenfinallyastretcherlaidtotherearofthesefourheaders.Thispatterngeneratesbrickworkafullthreebricksthick.

SingleFlemishbondofoneandahalfbricksthickness


Monkbond

Thisbondhastwostretchersbetweeneveryheaderwiththeheaderscentredovertheperpendbetweenthetwostretchersinthecoursebelowinthebond'smostsymmetricform.[34]

Inthissymmetricformthelapofthebondmaybevariouslygenerated.ThebrickworkinMonkbondatGuildfordCathedralsandwichesaqueencloserbetweentwoheadingbricksatthequoins.Atthispointtheregularrunoftwostretchersandoneheaderfollowsonalongthecourse.Inotherstructuresthequeencloserisomitted,andthegroupingisinsteadofaquoinheader,andathreequarterbatasthesecondbrickalong.

Onebrick'sthickness

OverheadplanforalternatecoursesofDoubleFlemishbondofthreebricks'thickness

OverheadplanforalternatecoursesofSingleFlemishbondofoneandahalfbricks'thickness

OverheadplanforalternatecoursesofMonkbondofonebrick'sthickness



Monkbondvariations

NewMaldenLibrary,KingstonuponThames,GreaterLondon.

FormerPostOffice,Arvika,Sweden.

Privatebuilding,Solna,Sweden.

Pyramidshighlighted.


RakingMonkbonds

Monkbondmayhowevertakeanyofanumberofarrangementsforcoursestaggering.Thedisposalofbricksintheseoftenhighlyirregularrakingpatternscanbeachallengingtaskforthebricklayertocorrectlymaintainwhileconstructingawallwhosecoursesarepartiallyobscuredbyscaffold,andinterruptedbydoororwindowopenings,orotherbonddisruptingobstacles.Ifthebricklayerfrequentlystopstocheckthatbricksarecorrectlyarranged,thenmasonryinarakingMonkbondcanbeexpensivetobuild.[35]

Occasionally,brickworkinsucharakingMonkbondmaycontainminorerrorsofheaderandstretcheralignmentsomeofwhichmayhavebeensilentlycorrectedbyincorporatingacompensatingirregularityintothebrickworkinacoursefurtherupthewall.Inspiteofthesecomplexitiesandtheirassociatedcosts,thebondhasprovenacommonchoiceforconstructingbrickworkinthenorthofEurope.

RakingcoursesinMonkbondmayforinstancebestaggeredinsuchawayastogeneratetheappearanceofdiagonallinesofstretchers.Onemethodofachievingthiseffectreliesontheuseofarepeatingsequenceofcourseswithbackandforthheaderstaggering.Inthisgrouping,aheaderappearsatagivenpointinthegroup'sfirstcourse.Inthenextcourseup,aheaderisoffsetoneandahalfstretcherlengthstotheleftoftheheaderinthecoursebelow,andtheninthethirdcourse,aheaderisoffsetonestretcherlengthtotherightoftheheaderinthemiddlecourse.Thisaccentedswingofheaders,oneandahalftotheleft,andonetotheright,generatestheappearanceoflinesofstretchersrunningfromtheupperlefthandsideofthewalldowntothelowerright.SuchanexampleofarakingMonkbondlayoutisshownintheNewMaldenLibrary,KingstonuponThames,GreaterLondon.

Elsewhere,rakingcoursesinMonkbondmaybestaggeredinsuchawayastogenerateasubtleappearanceofindentedpyramidlikediagonals.Suchanarrangementmaysetaheaderatagivenpointinafirstcourse.Aheaderinthesecondcourseisstaggeredinthehorizontalplanebyalengthofthreequartersofastretchertotheright.Witheachascendingcourse,theintervalofthestaggerofheadersincreasesbyalengthofhalfastretcheruntilthestaggerisequaltoalengthofoneandthreequartersofastretcher.Thisprogressionisthenreversedsothatthestaggerthendecreaseswithascendingcoursesbyahalfstretcheruntilitisbackdowntothelengthofthreequartersofastretcherofstagger.Thisarrangementisrepeatedasthewallascends.Everytwocoursesgainedinheighttheindentedpyramidsfliparoundinthehorizontalplanesoastoformpyramidsthataremirrorimagesofthosebelow.SuchabondappearsinthepictureherefromthebuildinginSolna,Sweden.

ManyotherparticularadjustmentsofcoursealignmentexistinMonkbond,generatingavarietyofvisualeffectswhichdifferindetail,butoftenhavingtheeffectofdirectingaviewingeyediagonallydownthewall.[36]

ThegreatvarietyofMonkbondpatternsallowformanypossiblelayoutsatthequoins,andthisparticularisvariouslyplannedandexecuted.Aquoinbrickmaybeastretcher,athreequarterbat,oraheader.Queenclosersmaybeusednexttothequoins,butthepracticeisnotmandatory.

Sussexbond

Thisbondhasthreestretchersbetweeneveryheader,withtheheaderscentredabovethemidpointofthreestretchersinthecoursebelow.[37]

Thebond'shorizontallyextendedproportionsuitslongstretchesofmasonrysuchasgardenwallsortherunofbrickworkoveraribbonwindowconversely,thebondislesssuitableforasurfaceoccupiedbymanyfeatures,suchasaGeorgianfaade.TherelativelyinfrequentuseofheadersservestomakeSussexbondoneofthelessexpensivebondsinwhichtobuildawall,asitallowsforthebricklayertoproceedrapidlywithrunafterrunofthreestretchersatatime.[38]

Onestretchingcourseperheadingcourse



Englishbond

EnglishCrossbond

DoubleEnglishCrossbond

Oneofthetwokindsofcourseinthisfamilyofbondsiscalledastretchingcourse,andthistypicallycomprisesnothingbutstretchersatthefacefromquointoquoin.Theotherkindofcourseistheheadingcourse,andthisusuallyconsistsofheaders,withtwoqueenclosersonebythequoinheaderateitherendtogeneratethebond.[39]

Englishbond

Thisbondhasalternatingstretchingandheadingcourses,withtheheaderscentredoverthemidpointofthestretchers,andperpendsineachalternatecoursealigned.Queenclosersappearasthesecondbrick,andthepenultimatebrickinheadingcourses.[40][41]AmutedcolourschemeforoccasionalheadersissometimesusedinEnglishbondtolendasubtletexturetothebrickwork.ExamplesofsuchschemesincludebluegreyheadersamongotherwiseredbricksseeninthesouthofEnglandandlightbrownheadersinadarkbrownwall,moreoftenfoundinpartsofthenorthofEngland.[42]

Coursesofonebrick'sthickness


Coursesofoneandahalfbricks'thickness

OverheadplanforalternatecoursesofEnglishbondofonebrick'sthickness

OverheadplanforalternatecoursesofEnglishbondofoneandahalfbricks'thickness



DutchBond,LinacreCollege,Oxford.


Coursesoftwobricks'thickness


EnglishCrossbond

Thisbondalsohasalternatingstretchingandheadingcourses.However,whilsttheheadingcoursesareidenticalwiththosefoundinthestandardEnglishbond,thestretchingcoursesalternatebetweenacoursecomposedentirelyofstretchersfromquointoquoinwithnooffset,andacoursecomposedofstretchershalfoffsetrelativetothestretcherstwocoursesaboveorbelow,byvirtueofaheaderplacedjustbeforethequoinsateitherend.[43][44]ThebondiswidelyfoundinNorthernFrance,BelgiumandtheNetherlands.[45]

Dutchbond

ThisbondisexactlylikeEnglishCrossbondexceptinthegeneratingofthelapatthequoins.InDutchbond,allquoinsarethreequarterbatsplacedinalternatelystretchingandheadingorientationwithsuccessivecoursesandnousewhateverismadeofqueenclosers.[46]

DoubleEnglishCrossbond

Thisbondcomprisestwocoursesofheaders(halfoffsetbyalternatelystretchingandheadingthreequarterbatsatthequoins)followedbytwocoursesofstretchers(quarteroffset,alsobyalternatelystretchingandheadingthreequarterbatsatthequoins).Byoffsettingthestretchersfromeachotherbyonequarterandcentringthelowercourseofstretchersabovetheuppercourseofheaderstheysitupon,perpendsintheuppercoursesofstretchersarealignedwithperpendsintheuppercoursesofheaders,whereasperpendsinthelowercoursesofstretchersarealignedwithperpendsinthelowercoursesofheaders.[47]

Twoormorestretchingcourseperheadingcourse

OverheadplanforalternatecoursesofEnglishbondoftwobricks'thickness



Americanbond,5thAve,Harlem,NewYork

ArakingEnglishGardenWallbond

Scottishbond

Americanbond

EnglishGardenWallbond

Thisbondhasthreecoursesofstretchersbetweeneverycourseofheaders.[48]

HeadersareusedasquoinsforthemiddlestretchingcourseinordertoachievethenecessaryoffsetinthestandardEnglishGardenWallbond,withqueenclosersasthepenultimatebrickateitherendoftheheadingcourses.AmorecomplexsetofquoinsandpenultimatebricksisnecessarytoachievearakingEnglishGardenWallbondhowever.

TheheadingcourseinEnglishGardenWallbondsometimesfeaturesbricksofadifferentcolourtoitssurroundingstretchers.InEnglishchalkdistricts,flintissubstitutedforthestretchers,andtheheadersconstitutealacingcourse.[42]

Scottishbond

Thisbondhasfivecoursesofstretchersbetweeneverycourseofheaders.

Headersareusedasquoinsfortheevennumberedstretchingcourses,countingupfromthepreviousheadingcourse,inordertoachievethenecessaryoffsetinthestandardScottishbond,withqueenclosersasthepenultimatebrickateitherendoftheheadingcourses

American,orcommonbond

Thisbondhasanywherefromthreetoninecoursesofstretchersbetweeneverycourseofheaders.

Headersareusedasquoinsfortheevennumberedstretchingcourses,countingupfromthepreviousheadingcourse,inordertoachievethenecessaryoffsetinastandardAmericanbond,withqueenclosersasthepenultimatebrickateitherendoftheheadingcourses.

ThebrickClarkePalmoreHouseinHenricoCounty,Virginia,hasalowerlevelbuiltin1819describedasbeingAmericanbondofthreetofivestretchingcoursesbetweeneachheadingcourse,andanupperlevelbuiltin1855withAmericanbondofsixtosevenstretchingcoursesbetweeneachheadingcourse.[49]

Onlystretchingorheadingcourses



Headerbond

Stretcherbond

ArakingStretcherbond

Headerbond

Consistsentirelyofcoursesofheaders,withthebricksineachsuccessivecoursestaggeredbyhalfaheader.

Alternatelystretchingandheadingthreequarterbatsserveforquoins,generatingthenecessaryoffset.

Headerbondisoftenusedoncurvingwallswithasmallradiusofcurvature.InLewes,Sussexmanysmallbuildingsareconstructedinthisbond,usingbluecolouredbricksandvitrifiedsurfaces.[50][51]

Stretcher,orrunningbond

Consistsentirelyofcoursesofstretchers,withthebricksineachsuccessivecoursestaggeredbyhalfastretcher.

Headersareusedasquoinsonalternatingstretchingcoursesinordertoachievethenecessaryoffset.

Itisthesimplestrepeatingpattern,andwillcreateawallonlyonehalfbrickthick.Suchathinwallisnotstableenoughtostandalone,andmustbetiedtoasupportingstructure.Thispracticeiscommoninmodernbuildings,wherestretcherbondedbrickworkmaybetheouterfaceofacavitywall,orthefacingtoatimberorsteelframedstructure.[52]

RakingStretcherbond

Alsoconsistsentirelyofcoursesofstretchers,butwiththebricksineachsuccessivecoursestaggeredinsomepatternotherthanthatofstandardstretcherbond.[53]

Oneormorestretchingcoursesperalternatingcourse

FlemishStretcherbond

FlemishStretcherbond



BrickwalllaidinrattrapbondphotographednearAngelseaRoad,Wivenhoe,Essex,England.

45Herringbonebond,Canterbury,UK

FlemishStretcherbondseparatescoursesofalternatelylaidstretchersandheaders,withanumberofcoursesofstretchersalone.BrickworkinthisbondmayhavebetweenoneandfourcoursesofstretcherstoonecourseaftertheFlemishmanner.[34][54]Thecoursesofstretchersareoftenbutnotalwaysstaggeredinarakingpattern.

Coursesofmixedrowlocksandshiners

Rattrapbond

Rattrapbond

RattrapbondsubstantiallyobservesthesamepatternasFlemishbond,butconsistsofrowlocksandshinersinsteadofheadersandstretchers.Thisgivesawallwithaninternalcavitybridgedbytherowlocks,hencethereferencetorattraps.[55]

Oneshinercourseperheadingcourse

Dearne'sBond

Dearne'sbondsubstantiallyobservesthesamepatternasEnglishbond,butusesshinersinplaceofstretchers.[56]

Nonloadbearingbonds

Coursesofmixedshinersandsailors

SingleBasketWeavebond

DoubleBasketWeavebond

90Herringbonebond

45Herringbonebond

SingleBasketWeavebond

ArowofSingleBasketWeavebondcomprisespairsofsailorslaidsidebyside,cappedwithashiner,alternatingwithpairsofsailorslaidsidebysidesatatopashiner.Subsequentrowsareidenticalandalignedwiththoseabove.[57]

DoubleBasketWeavebond

ArowofDoubleBasketWeavebondcomprisespairsofshinerslaidatoponeanother,alternatingwithpairsofsailorslaidsidebyside.Thefollowingrowisoffsetsothepairofshinerssitsbelowthepairofsailorsintherowabove.Thisresultsinbricksarrangedinpairsinasquaregridsothatthejoinbetweeneachpairisperpendiculartothejoinofthefourpairsaroundit.[53]

Herringbonebond

TheHerringbonepatternismadebyplacingasailortoonesideofashinermakingan'L'shape,thenrepeatedlynestingfurthersuchcombinations.Thewholetessellationcanberotatedby45.Herringboneissometimesusedasnogginsintimberframedbuildings.[53]



FlemishDiagonalBond,StJohn'sCollege,TrinityStreet,Cambridge

Brickworkbuiltaroundsquarefractionalsizedbricks

Pinwheelbond

DellaRobbiabond

Pinwheelbond

Pinwheelbondismadeoffourbrickssurroundingasquarehalfbrick,repeatedinasquaregrid.[53]

DellaRobbiabond

Apatternmadeoffourbrickssurroundingasquarebrick,onequarterthesizeofahalfbrick.Itisdesignedtoresemblewovencloth.[53]

ThepictureofDellaRobbiabondisinfactcalledinterlacingbond

Diapering

FlemishDiagonalbond

Brickworkformedintoadiamondpatterniscalleddiapering.

FlemishDiagonalbond

Flemishdiagonalbondcomprisesacomplexpatternofstretchercoursesalternatingwithcoursesofoneortwostretchersbetweenheaders,atvariousoffsetssuchthatovertencoursesadiamondshapedpatternappears.

Dampproofcourses

Moisturemayascendintoabuildingfromthefoundationofawallorgainingressintoabuildingfromawetpatchofground,whereitmeetsasolidwall.Themanifestresultofthisprocessiscalleddamp.OneofmanymethodsofresistingsuchingressesofwateristoconstructthewallwithseverallowcoursesofdenseengineeringbrickssuchasStaffordshirebluebricks.Thismethodofdampproofingappearsasadistinctivenavybluebandrunningaroundthecircumferenceofabuilding.Theefficacyofthismeansofkeepingoutdampismorelimitedbythepermeabilityofthemortarbeddingandperpendsjoiningthebricks,thanbythatofthebricksthemselves.[58]

Seealso

CeramicbuildingmaterialConstructionGlossaryofBritishbricklayingMasonryTuckpointing

References1. JosephMoxon.MechanickExercises:Or,TheDoctrineofHandyWorks.AppliedtotheArtsofSmithing,Joinery,Carpentry,Turning,Bricklayery.Printedfor

DanielMidwinterandThomasLeigh.1703.London.Page129."ThreeorfourorfivecourseofBrickstobelaid."



2. Nicholson."ByaCourse,inwalling,ismeantthebrickscontainedbetweentwoplanesparalleltothehorizon,andterminatedbythefacesofthewall.Thethicknessisthatofonebrickwithmortar.Themassformedbybrickslaidinconcentricorder,forarchesorvaults,isalsodenominatedaCourse."

3. Nicholson,p.166."BED.Theundersurfaceofbrickswhenlaidinanykindofwork."4. ReportsofartisansselectedbyacommitteeappointedbythecounciloftheSocietyofArtstovisittheParisUniversalexhibition,1867.PublishedfortheSocietyfor

theEncouragementofArts,ManufacturesandCommerce.PublishedbyBellandDaldy,YorkStreet,CoventGarden,London.PrintedbyW.Trounce,CursitorStreet,ChanceryLane,London.1867.Part1.BricklayingbyGeorgeHowell.Page194."Thebeautyofbrickworkwillverymuchdependuponthe'perpends'beingperfectlykept,thatis,theprefectregularityoftheperpendicularjointsrightupthebuilding."

5. Brunskill,p.39."BritishStandard3921of1969,gavedimensionsof215mmby102.5mmby65mm[...]."6. BritishStandardsInstitution.SpecificationforMasonryUnits.Part1:ClayMasonryUnits.BSI,London,2003,BSEN771.7. TheCompressiveStrengthofModernEarthMasonry,AndrewHeath,MikeLawrence,PeterWalkerandClydeFourie.BRECentreforInnovativeConstruction

Materials,UniversityofBathandNaturalBuildingTechnologies(NBT).Proceedingsofthe11thInternationalConferenceonNonconventionalMaterialsandTechnologies(NOCMAT2009).69September2009,Bath,UK."Allearthmasonryunitswereintendedtobe'standard'bricksize(215x102.5x65mm)iftheywerefired,butbecausetheydidnothaveadditionalshrinkagefromfiring,theaveragesizewas223x106x67mm."

8. JohnHoughton.ACollectionforImprovementofHusbandryandTrade.1693.Issue74.PublishedbyRandalTaylornearStationersHall.London."ABrickwallofaFootandhalfthickiscommonlymadebyStretchersandHeaders,thatis,bylayingontheoutsideoneBrick,soastohavethenarrowestsideofittobeseenlongways,andthenexttohaveonlytheendseen,andtheBricklyingonthebroadside,andsoon,aStretcherandaHeader."

9. WhitneyClarkHuntington.BuildingConstruction.TypesofConstruction,Materials,andCostEstimating.NewYork:Wiley.London:Chapman&Hall.1929.Page130."Beltcoursesandflatarchesmaybeformedofbrick[s]setonendwiththenarrowsideexposed.Suchbricksarecalledsoldiers."

10. Sovinski,p.43."Thosebrickpositionsorientedinahorizontalalignmentarecalledstretcher,header,rowlockstretcher,androwlock.Arowlockstretcherissometimescalledashiner.Thetwocorrespondingverticalorientationsarethesoldierandsailorpositions."

11. SamuelY.Harris.BuildingPathology.Wiley.NewYork.2001.Page212."Theshortface,ortheendlaidhorizontally,isaheaderlaidvertically,arowlock."12. Sovinski,p.43."Thosebrickpositionsorientedinahorizontalalignmentarecalledstretcher,header,rowlockstretcher,androwlock.Arowlockstretcheris

sometimescalledashiner."13. CharlesF.Mitchell.BuildingConstruction.Part1.FirstStageorElementaryCourse.SecondEditionRevised.PublishedbyB.T.Batsford,52HighHolborn.

1889.Page22.14. EncyclopdiaBritannica.1911.BRICKWORK."[...]portionsofabrick[...]ahalfheaderinwidth,[...]arecalledqueenclosers[.]"15. CharlesF.Mitchell.BuildingConstruction.Part1.FirstStageorElementaryCourse.SecondEditionRevised.PublishedbyB.T.Batsford,52HighHolborn.

1889.Page18."KingClosersarebrickscutsothatoneendishalfthewidthofabrick,and[are]usedinpositionswherethegreaterwidthatbackwouldaddstrengthtothebond[...]."

16. Nicholson,p.167."[...]anarrangement,orcombinationofbrickswhenlaiduponeachother,[such]thattheperpendicularjointformedbyanytwoadjacentbricksmay,atalltimes,becoveredbythecentre(ornearlyso)ofonelaidimmediatelyoverthejoint,bywhichmeansthenearestapproximationtosoliditywillbeattainedthatsuchmaterialsarecapableofproducing."

17. Nicholson,p.347."BRICKSARELAIDinavaried,butregular,formofconnection,orBond,asexhibitedinPlateLXXXV."18. Nicholson,p.329."BOND.Thatregularconnection,inlappingthestonesupononeanother,whencarryingupthework,whichformsaninseparablemassof

building."19. DenzilNield.Walls&WallFacings.Spon,London.1949.Page145."Cavitywalls...arebeingincreasinglybuiltwithhollowblocksorothermaterialinplaceof

bricksfortheinternalleaf."20. NewCivilEngineer.Oct3rd,1991.ThomasTelfordLtd.London.Advertisement."Singleleafwallwithverticalandlateralload."21. Emmitt,p.722. Emmitt,pp.232,233."Earlycavitywallswereconstructedwithbondingbrickslaidacrossthecavityatinternalstotiethetwoleavestogether.[...]Later,ironties

wereusedtotiethetwoleavestogether."23. DavidYeomans.ConstructionSince1900:Materials.BTBatsfordLtd,583FulhamRoad,London,SW65BY.1997.isbn0713466847.Page60."In1974,alarge

sectionoftheouterleafofawallofacomprehensiveschoolatNewnhamcollapsedrevealingacompleteabsenceoftiesoveraconsiderablearea[and]in1983,amuchlargersectionofawallatPlymouthPolytechniccollapsedduetocorrosionofthecavityties."

24. CITBCONSTRUCTIONINDUSTRYTRAININGBOARDTrainingWorkbookSettingOutBrickworkPositioningRangingLines,Gauge,DryBonding,BrokenBondingWB272ConstructionIndustryTrainingBoard,BirchamNewton,KingsLynn,NorfolkPE316RH.1994.isbn185751095X.Page3537."Wallthicknesstermsrelatetoastretcherdimensionofabrick.Wall(A)[pictured]istermedahalfbrickwall.Wall(B)[pictured]istermedaonebrickwall[...].Thiswallisahalfbrickthickwall[...].Thiswallisaonebrickthickwall[...]."

25. BricksandBrickwork.CecilC.HandisydeandBarryA.Haseltine.TheBrickDevelopmentAssociation.19GraftonStreet,London,W1X3LE.1974.Page68."Oldbuildingsofsolidwallconstructionwereacceptedas'waterproof',oftenwhenbrickworkwasonly9inchesthick.Nowitisgenerallyagreedthatsolidwallsoflessthan[oneandahalf]brickthicknessareinadequate.CodeofPractice121stillincludesunrenderedonebrickthickwallsasacceptableforshelteredpositionsbutthisseemsaquestionablerecommendation.Wallingof[oneandahalf]brickthicknessshouldbesatisfactoryforshelteredpositionsandmaybeadequateformoderateexposure."

26. Emmitt,p.206."Inexposedpositionssuchashighgroundandnearthecoast,awall2Bthickmaybeneededtoresistpenetrationtoinsidefaces[...].Inpositionsofverysevereexposuretowinddrivenrain,asonhighopengroundfacingtheprevailingwindandonthecoastfacingopensea,itisnecessarytoprotectbothsolidandcavitywallswithanexternalcladding."

27. Fuller,ChicagoTribune,December7,1958.28. Smeaton,pp.2930."ThetwoprincipalmethodsofbricklayingareseverallycalledEnglishandFlemishbond.[...]Flemishbondconsistsinplacingaheaderanda

stretcheralternatelythroughouteverycourse."29. Brunskill,pp.5758.30. Review,p.233.31. Brunskill,p.91."SINGLEFLEMISHBOND:givestheappearanceofFlemishBondontheoutsidefaceonlyofawallmorethan9inchesthick.Thesame

appearanceonbothinnerandouterfacesisgivenbyDOUBLEFLEMISHBOND."32. Nicholson,p.102."[...]thebricksaredisposedalikeonbothsidesofthewall,thetailoftheheadersbeingplacedcontiguoustoeachother,soastoformsquare

spacesinthecoreofthewallforhalfbricks."33. CharlesF.Mitchell.BuildingConstruction.Part1.FirstStageorElementaryCourse.SecondEditionRevised.PublishedbyB.T.Batsford,52HighHolborn.

1889.Page25,figures37&38.34. TheDictionaryofArt.Grove.VolumeFour,BiardeauTOBrggemann.EditedbyJaneTurner.MacmillanPublishersLimited.1996.isbn1884446000.Page769.35. Review,p.242.THEBONDINGOFBRICKWORK.P.M.Stratton."AnextracostoverFlemishhastobemetforlabouronMonkbondanditsderivatives,

becausetheprocessisnotsostraightforwardasFlemish,andthebricklayershavetostopandthinkmorefrequently."36. Review,p.241.THEBONDINGOFBRICKWORK.P.M.Stratton."Monkbond[...]ispopularintheNorthofEurope.Twostretchersarefollowedbyoneheader

ineverycourse,theheadersbeingsodisposedthatverticalityoftheiraxiallinesislittleapparent,andastrikingresultisobtainedofdiagonallinesofstretchers,



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BibliographyBrunskill,R.W.(1997).BrickBuildinginBritain.WellingtonHouse,125Strand,LondonWC2R0BB:VictorGollancz(Publisher)inassociationwithPeterCrawley.AnimprintoftheCassellGroup.ISBN0575065354.Emmitt,StephenandGorse,ChristopherA.(2010).Barry'sIntroductiontoConstructionofBuildings.WileyBlackwell.ISBN9781405188548.Lloyd,Nathaniel(1925).AHistoryofEnglishBrickwork.TheAntiqueCollectors'ClubLtd.ISBN0907462367.Nicholson,Peter(1823).TheNewPracticalBuilder,andWorkman'sCompanion.ThomasKelly,17PaternosterRow,London.TheArchitecturalReview.9QueenAnne'sGate,Westminster,S.W.1.London:TheArchitecturalPress.May1936.Smeaton,A.C.(1837).TheBuilder'sPocketManualContainingtheElementsofBuilding,SurveyingandArchitecturewithPracticalRulesandInstructionsinCarpentry,Bricklaying,Masonry&c.Barnard'sInn,Holborn:M.Taylor.Sovinski,RobW.(1999).BrickintheLandscape.APracticalGuidetoSpecificationandDesign.NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons.

Externallinks

Joshi,A.&Ryan,D.(20June2013).Bricks:ALightFoundation(http://johnianblog.blogspot.co.uk/2013/06/ajohnianblogxxx.html)

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Thispagewaslastmodifiedon11April2015,at05:37.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

ineverycourse,theheadersbeingsodisposedthatverticalityoftheiraxiallinesislittleapparent,andastrikingresultisobtainedofdiagonallinesofstretchers,whichlooklikeaseriesofcorbelsorcantileversembeddedinthewall."

37. Lloyd,p.440."FLEMISHGARDENWALLorSUSSEXBOND.Threestretchers,thenoneheaderineverycourse."38. Review,p.241.THEBONDINGOFBRICKWORK.P.M.Stratton.39. CharlesF.Mitchell.BuildingConstruction.Part1.FirstStageorElementaryCourse.SecondEditionRevised.PublishedbyB.T.Batsford,52HighHolborn.

1889.Page23.40. Smeaton,pp.2930."ThetwoprincipalmethodsofbricklayingareseverallycalledEnglishandFlemishbond....Englishbondconsistsofalternatingcoursesof

headersandstretchersthus,onecourseisformedwithheaders,thatis,withbrickscrossingthewallthenextwithstretchers,thatis,withbrickshavingtheirlengthinthesamedirectionasthatofthewall[.]"

41. CharlesF.Mitchell.BuildingConstruction.Part1.FirstStageorElementaryCourse.SecondEditionRevised.PublishedbyB.T.Batsford,52HighHolborn.1889.Page21,figures28&29.

42. Review,p.242.THEBONDINGOFBRICKWORK.P.M.Stratton.43. Ching,Francis(1995).AVisualDictionaryofArchitecture.Wiley.ISBN0471284513.44. Lloyd,p.440."ENGLISHCROSSBOND.Stretchersbreakingjoint.Thesecondbrickofalternatestretchingcoursesisaheader."45. Brunskill,p.50.46. CharlesF.Mitchell.BuildingConstruction.Part1.FirstStageorElementaryCourse.SecondEditionRevised.PublishedbyB.T.Batsford,52HighHolborn.

1889.Page37.47. "BrickPatternMath"(http://plato.acadiau.ca/courses/educ/reid/geometry/brick/bricklayer.html#Brick_Patterns_Used_in_Walls).48. Lloyd,p.440."ENGLISHGARDENWALLBOND.Threestretchingcoursestoeachheadingcourse."49. SusanReedSmither(January29,2004)."NationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesRegistration:ClarkePalmoreHouse/ClarkeHome"

(http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Henrico/0430085_ClarkePalmore_2004_Final_Nomination.pdf)(PDF).VirginiaHistoricLandmarksCommission.Retrieved20100508.andAccompanyingfourphotosatVirginiaHistoricLandmarksCommission,undated(http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/Henrico/ClarkePalmore_photo.htm)

50. Lloyd,p.440."HEADINGBOND.Allheadersexceptathreequartersbrickatquoininalternatecourses."51. Review,pp.242,245.THEBONDINGOFBRICKWORK.P.M.Stratton.52. Campbell,JamesW.PPryce,Will(2003).Brick:AWorldHistory.London:ThamesandHudson.pp.304305and313.ISBN9780500341957.53. "BrickPatternMath"(http://plato.acadiau.ca/courses/educ/reid/geometry/brick/bricklayer.html#Brick_Patterns_Used_in_Pavements).54. Brunskill,p.52.55. Brunskill,p.54.56. Brunskill,p.87.57. "BoralBestBlock"(http://www.boralbestblock.com/productlines/pavers/boralclaypavers/BoralClayPaversPatterns).58. Emmitt,p.154.

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