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Breathing (Pulmonary Respiration) versus Cellular Respiration
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Cellular Respiration
General Equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ~38 ATP
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
Cellular respiration is how all eukaryotic cells gain energy, in the form of ATP, from macromolecules, such as glucose (sugar).
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Types of Respiration
•Aerobic Respiration – cellular respiration using oxygen (O2).
•Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) – cellular respiration in the absence of O2.
•There are 2 types of Anaerobic Respiration – Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcoholic Fermentation.
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REDOX reactions: A series of reactions where molecules are reduced then oxidized or vice-versa, resulting in the transfer of energy.
Reduction: When a molecule gains an electron (e-) thereby reducing its charge (increasing energy).
Oxidation: When a molecule loses an electron (e-) thereby gaining a charge (decreasing energy).
Which variable (X or Y) is being reduced/oxidized?
X- + Y+ X+ + Y-
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Cellular respiration consists of 3.5 steps:
1. Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
1.5 Prep-Step
2. Krebs Cycle or Citric acid cycle
3. Electron transport chain
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Mitochondrial Anatomy
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1. Glycolysis
•Occurs in the cytosol of the cell, regardless of the presence of oxygen (O2)
•Involves the splitting of a glucose (sugar) molecule into two, 3-carbon molecules (pyruvate)
•Uses 2 ATP molecules to split glucose but creates 4 ATP molecules from this splitting.
•Also reduces 2 NAD+ into 2 NADH’s
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1.5 Prep-Step
•Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria ONLY if oxygen (O2) is present in the mitochondrion.
•Converts the 2 pyruvates (from glycolysis) into 2 acetyl-CoA’s
•Generates 2 NADH’s & 2 CO2
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2. Krebs Cycle
•Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion.
•Turns twice for each glucose broken down in glycolysis
•Adds acetyl-CoA to a 4-carbon molecule, which is then oxidized (electrons taken away from) in multiple steps into 2CO2 per turn (or 4 CO2 per glucose molecule)
•Generates 3 NADH’s, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH2 per turn
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3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC)•Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
•Series of REDOX reactions between molecules that take electrons from NADH & FADH2 and passes them to the FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR (OXYGEN!!!)
•When oxygen receives these electrons it becomes H2O
•Electrons that travel through the ETC generate energy that powers proton pumps.
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ETC Continued…
•Proton pumps pump H+ from the matrix into the intermembrane space (IMS) which generates a chemiosmotic gradient of H+ (between the intermembrane space and the matrix)
•This gradient allows H+ to travel back (down their gradient) to the matrix through a membrane protein, ATP Synthase.
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ETC Continued…
•Each NADH that gives ETC electrons results in the generation of 3 ATP
•Each FADH2 that gives ETC electrons results in the generation of 2 ATP
•Energy generated (proton motive force) from H+ traveling down their gradient is used to power ATP Synthase to create ATP.
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Anaerobic Respiration
Fermentation and Respiration Compared
1. Both produce ATP from food, cellular respiration is aerobic while fermentation is anaerobic.
2. Both use glycolysis; have a net production of 2 ATP by substrate phosphorylation, and both used NAD+ as the oxidizing agent.
3. Respiration yields up to 19 times more ATP per glucose molecule than fermentation does.
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Types of Fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation- pyruvate is converted to ethanol to regenerate the supply of NAD+. (Done by yeast)
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH +2CO2 +NAD+
Lactic acid fermentation- pyruvate is reduced to NADH to form lactate, no release of CO2.
C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + NAD+
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Diagram of Both Biochemical Pathways
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CR vs PS