![Page 1: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Brain Anatomy
![Page 2: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Dura Mater•Superficial•Fuses brain to skullArachnoid•Reduces friction•Filled with CSF; shock absorberPia MaterVery Vascular; needs a lot of oxygen due to high metabolic rate of neurons
![Page 3: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1. Cerebrum
2. Diencephalon
3. Midbrain
4. Pons
5. Medulla Oblongata
6. Cerebellum
![Page 4: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Gyri: elevated ridgesSulci: furrows
Precentral gyrus – Motor StripPostcentral gyrus – Sensory StripCentral Sulcus – separates frontal from parietal lobe
![Page 5: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Bridge between Right and Left Hemispheres•Enables Right and Left sides to communicate with each otherProblems“Split Brain” Syndrome
![Page 7: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Functions:•Cognition and Memory
•Prefrontal Area: involved with intellect, complex learning abilities and personality; plays a role in mood; feelings of frustration and anxiety are formed here
•“Gatekeeper” Judgment, critical thinking and reasoning skills
Problems
Relationships between events, memory loss, behavior disorders, Inappropriate social and/or sexual behavior
Prefrontal lobotomy – 1950s
![Page 8: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Function:•Motor Strip: Control voluntary motor function•Premotor Cortex: skill area; controls learned motor skills
Broca’s area•Left hemisphere•Directs the muscles of tongue, throat and lips when speaking•Becomes active as we plan to speak•Syntax and grammar rules are remembered
![Page 9: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Yes the bick. I would say tha the vick daysis nosis or chipickers.
Represents problems with Broca’s area!!
Only found in the left hemisphere of the frontal lobe
Problems will affect our ability to pronounce words, form sentences, speaking becomes a problem
Try This!!
![Page 10: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Located in parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
![Page 11: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
•Spatial Discrimination – ability to identify the body region being stimulated
•Area is identified by receiving information from skin sensory receptors and proprioceptors in skeletal muscles.
•Try This!!
•Problems•Inability to locate and recognize body parts; disorientation•Can’t discriminate between different sensory stimuli
![Page 12: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
•Located posterior to Primary Somatosensory Cortex•Major function to analyze different sensory stimuli (temp, pressure•Evaluate what the body is feeling•Try this!!•Different senses are distributed through all lobes
![Page 13: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
•Auditory Areas – sound waves are interpreted•Gustatory cortex – perception of taste•Olfactory Cortex – interprets chemical odors
Language•Wernicke’s area – called the speech area•Language comprehension•Understanding jokes•Reading unfamiliar sounds
Problems•Hearing problems•Aphasia – inability to speak
![Page 14: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Visual Areas•Receives stimuli from eyes•Interprets information from past experiencesProblemsLoss of vision or “seeing stars”Can’t recognize the object you see
![Page 15: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Posterior Association Area• Large region including
parietal, temporal and occipital lobes
• Plays a role in recognizing faces, patterns, and identifying surroundings
• Also includes Wernicke’s area
![Page 16: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Connects to cerebrumIncludes:•Thalamus, •Hypothalamus, •Limbic system •Pineal gland (epithalamus)•Pituitary gland
![Page 17: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
•Contains relay and processing centers•Relay Station; involved in memory process•Sorts out information, edits•Gateway to cerebrum
Greek for “Inner room”
![Page 18: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Controls Body Homeostasis•Autonomic Nervous System•Influences BP•HR (force and rate)•Digestive tract motility
•Emotions•Pleasure, fear, rage•Sex Drive
•Body temperature regulation•Food intake; hunger•Thirst (water balance)
•No blood-brain barrier•Circadian rhythms•Control of Endocrine
(secrete ADH, oxytocin)
![Page 19: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Hypothalamus and Pineal Gland
Problems with hypothalamus• Problems
– Hormonal Imbalances
– Hypothermia
– Diabetes
– Obesity
– Sleep Disturbances
– Dehydration
Pineal Gland• Part of epithalamus
• Secretes hormone melatonin– Helps regulate Sleep-Wake
Cycle
![Page 20: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Hypothalamus is heart of Limbic System: Emotional Brain
•Contains Amygdala
•Recognizes angry or fearful facial expressions
•Contains Hippocampus
•Involved with learning, long-term memory and storage
Problems
H.M. Case Study STM to LTM
•Had difficulty remembering anything after his surgery
•Was able to learn new motor skills, despite not being able to remember learning them
“Ring”
![Page 21: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Pituitary Gland ->
•Link between NS and Endocrine system•Produces GH and TSH •Posterior part of gland is a hormone storage area
![Page 22: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Primitive Brain•Pathway between lower brain and spinal cord and lower brain and higher brain functions
![Page 23: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
•Contains 2 pairs of sensory nuclei (Colliculi); Auditory and Visual Reflex Centers I.e. rxns to flashlight or loud noises
•Motor nuclei for 2 cranial nerves (III, IV) involved in eye movements
•III Oculomotor – eye movement
•IV Trochlear – rotates eye up and down
•Cerebral Peduncles – descending bundles of motor nerve fibers – connect to cerebellum
•RAS center begins here; Filters out repetitive sensory stimuli. (99% of all stimuli is ignored)
![Page 24: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Corpus Quadrigemini
Superior Colliculi•Visual Reflex Centers
•Follow movement with eye•Associated with Cranial nerve III
Inferior Colliculi•Auditory Reflex
•Startle Reflex
Midbrain
![Page 25: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Bridge: Connects cerebellum to brain stem; cerebrum and S. cord
Relay Center
Cranial Nerves (V-VIII) are attached here
Respiratory Center – Involuntary Control of pace and depth of breathing
Problems
Hyperventilation
Bridge
![Page 26: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Connects Brain to S. cord; relays info to Thalamus
Contains major centers for Autonomic Regulation such as HR, Bp, respiration and digestive activities
Cardiac Center – adjusts force and rate of heart beat
Vasomotor Center – regulates BP
Respiratory Center – controls rate and depth of breathing with N. Fdbk loop in pons.
Controls other pleasant body Activities: vomit, hiccupps, cough, sneeze, swallow, and gag
Again no blood-brain barrier!
![Page 27: Brain Anatomy Dura Mater Superficial Fuses brain to skull Arachnoid Reduces friction Filled with CSF; shock absorber Pia Mater Very Vascular; needs a](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052210/551b44e65503465c7e8b5395/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
•Coordination; fine tunes voluntary and involuntary movement (Sports)•Receives stimuli from proprioceptors – evaluate body position•Maintains balance and postureImbalances•Ataxia; Lack of coordination•Tremors•Alcohol – affects motor skills; reaction time
•Easily passes through blood-brain barrier