Download - Brain Anatomy and Function
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Brain Anatomy and Brain Anatomy and Function Function
© Copyright 2004 Cardinal Health, Inc. or one of its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.
Anatomy of the BrainAnatomy of the Brain
• Separated into right and left halves by the Interhemispheric Fissure
• The Central Sulcus runs down & forward
• The Lateral Fissure runs backward & up
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• Thought
• Voluntary movement
• Speech motor
• Covers 1/3rd of area of the brain
Frontal and Temporal LobesFrontal and Temporal Lobes
• Memory
• Auditory function
Frontal Temporal
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• Sensation
• Touch
• Pressure
• Pain
• Temperature
• Texture
• Position/spatial orientation
Parietal and Occipital LobesParietal and Occipital Lobes
• Vision
• Visual processes
• Reading
Parietal Occipital
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• Large Muscle Coordination
• Balance Walking,
Writing
Medulla Oblongata, Medulla Oblongata, Cerebellum, and PonsCerebellum, and Pons
• Relay between the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum
• Respiration• Heart rate• Continuous
with the spinal cord (2.5 cm)
CerebellumMedulla Oblongata
Pons
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Basal Ganglia and ThalamusBasal Ganglia and Thalamus
“The Brakes”
• Modifies movement on a minute-to-minute basis
• Inhibits Movement
• Coordination
• Cortical relay
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• Attention
• Sensory gateway
• Memory processing
• Rage
• Aggression
• Sexuality
• Appetite/Thirst
Limbic SystemLimbic System
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The Nerve CellThe Nerve Cell
Synaptic junction
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NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitters
• Serotonin – major – emotions, judgment, eating and sleep disorders (associated with frontotemporal disorder)
• Glutamate/GABA - Widespread, anxiety, sleep, (Valium targets this)
• Dopamine – memory, mood, movement, Parkinson's Disease, psychiatric problems
• Endorphins – relief of pain, (Morphine targets this)
Lichtman, J., et al Washington University 2002
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SerotoninSerotonin
Normal functions Emotions Judgment Sleep
Imbalances
Depression
Suicidal behavior
Anxiety
Impulsive behavior
Eating disorders
Glutamate/GABAGlutamate/GABA
Normal functions
• Involved in most facets of brain function
Imbalances
Memory disturbances
Sleep disturbances
Anxiety
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DopamineDopamine
Normal functions Mood
Movement
Memory
Imbalances Movement disorders
Schizophrenia
Addiction
EndorphinsEndorphins
Normal functions
• Relieve pain
• Induce euphoria
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Normal Aging BrainNormal Aging Brain
• Brain weight and volume decrease
• Grooves widen
• Surface smoothes
• Neurofibrillary tangles increase
• Understanding normal variation is key to interpretation
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Brain Glucose Metabolism –Brain Glucose Metabolism –NormalNormal
• Normal brain tissue actively metabolizes glucose and its analogue (F-18 FDG)
• Glucose metabolism provides 95% of the energy required for brain function
• FDG is irreversibly trapped within brain cells in proportion to its use because it cannot be broken down or stored unlike glucose
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FDG-PET FDG-PET Normal Normal Brain MetabolismBrain Metabolism
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FDG-PET FDG-PET AbnormalAbnormal Brain Brain ImagingImaging
• Dementia Memory loss Cognitive Decline
• Epilepsy Localization of a seizure focus
• Tumor Assessment Radiation Necrosis vs Tumor Grade
• Objective Imaging Diagnosis of Movement Disorders Huntington’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease
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Dementia Diagnosis:Dementia Diagnosis:Current MethodsCurrent Methods
• History and physical examination Neurologist (Sens. = 50-80%) Neuropsychologist / Neuropsychiatrist
• Neuropsychological testing
• MRI / CT
• Blood testing
• Functional Neuroimaging (SPECT/ PET/MR)
• Sens.=80-90%
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SummarySummary
• Normal Brain Anatomy
• Normal Brain Function
• Current PET Brain Applications: Diagnosis of Dementia
Seizure Localization
Tumor Assessment
Objective Imaging Diagnosis of Movement Disorders (not CMS approved)
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ContributorsContributors
• Rebecca Trunnell Hyman• Coordinator of PET Services• Clinical PET of West County - Creve
Coeur, MO
• Kevin L. Berger, M.D. • Assistant Professor of Radiology• Director of PET Imaging• Michigan State University – East
Lansing, MI