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Veterinary Science Preparatory Training for the Veterinary Assistant
Floron C. Faries, Jr., DVM, MS
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Bovine Trichomoniasis
Control Program
Floron C. Faries, Jr., DVM, MS
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Objectives
Discuss the cause, transmission, and prevention
of genital trichomoniasis in cattle
Describe the disease condition of trichomoniasis
in cows
Describe diagnostic procedures for bovine
trichomoniasis
Discuss state regulations for control of bovine
trichomoniasis
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Bovine Trichomoniasis
Cattle disease
Genital disease
Venereal disease
Long-standing endemic disease
Increased rate of diagnosis
Increased infected herds or
Heightened test awareness
Reportable disease in western states
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Economic Losses
Infected beef herd
Smaller calf crops
Less uniform calf crops
Increased culling costs
Increased replacement costs
Increased veterinary costs
Decreased herd income
20-40% drop
$140 loss per cow
National beef industry
$650M loss per year
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Cause
A protozoon
A single-celled, motile parasite
Sperm-head size
Pear-shaped
Three head hairs (flagellum, trich)
One side undulating hair (membrane)
One tail hair
A trichomonad
Tritrichomonas foetus
No resistant stage in environment
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Transmission
Venereal – bull to cow or cow to bull
Infected bulls breed clean cows/heifers
Clean bulls breed infected cows (recent aborters)
Not cow to cow
Not bull to bull
Not from environment
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Bull Trichomoniasis
Infection – no disease or symptoms
Smegma in crypts (microscopic folds)
Penis
Internal sheath
Crypts deepen with age – increases rate of infection
Infected for life
Persistent infection (PI)
Sheath pus discharge (uncommon)
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Bull’s Age
Older >5 yrs. 4 to 5 yrs. Young < 4 yrs.
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Crypt
Crypts
From Older Bull
From Younger Bull
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Cow/Heifer Trichomonosis
Embryonic Absorption
Disease
Colonies – causes mild inflammation (<18 days)
Vagina
Uterus
Oviduct
Embryo death – absorption
Symptoms
Recycles (repeat breeders) (infertility)
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Cow/Heifer Trichomonosis
Fetal Abortion
Disease
Colonies – causes severe inflammation (>60 days)
Uterus
Fetus death – expelled
Infected fetus/placenta
Symptoms
Recycles (repeat breeders) (infertility)
Early abortion
Uterine pus discharge (uncommon) (PIs)
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Herd History
Abortions (2-3 mos pregnancy)
Recycles (repeat breeders)
Late calvers
Infected for 2-4 mos – cleared
Immune response (short-lived)
Delayed conception
Strung-out calving
Open cows
Overworked, tired bulls
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Diagnosis
Test bulls
>10 days after service
Sheath sample – culture test (3 samples)
Staggered at 7-14 day intervals
Sheath sample – gene test (1 sample)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test
Test aborted cows/heifers
<30 days after abortion
Cervical sample – culture test or PCR test
Test aborted fetus/placenta
Stomach/placenta sample – culture test or PCR test
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Treatment
No approved drugs
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Control – Biocontainment
Consultation
Producer-private veterinarian-diagnostic laboratory
Testing
Culling
Vaccinating
Killed Vaccine (TrichGuard®, TrichGuard V5-L®
Does not prevent infection
Helps reduce severity of disease
Helps cows/heifers clear infection
Does not help bulls clear infection
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Prevention – Biosecurity
Consultation (producer-private veterinarian)
Annual test pre-breeding herd bulls
Artificial insemination (AI)
Good fences
Vaccination
Killed Vaccine (TrichGuard®, TrichGuard V5-L® Does not prevent infection
Helps reduce severity of disease
Replacements
Virgin heifers
Virgin bulls
Pre-entry test bulls
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State Regulations
Reportable disease (17 western states)
State entry test requirements (breeding bulls)
In-state sale test requirements (breeding bulls or bulls/cows)
Arizona
California
Colorado
Idaho
Louisiana
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Mexico
North Dakota
Oklahoma
Oregon
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Washington
Wyoming
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Bovine Trichomoniasis Control Program
in Texas
Trich is a reportable disease in Texas
All test results positive and negative must be reported to the TAHC < 24 hours
Bulls entering Texas for breeding purposes
Bulls must be officially identified
Certified virgin bulls < 24 months of age
Test-negative bulls > 24 months of age
Test < 60 days
Requirements effective April 1, 2009
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Bulls changing ownership in-state for breeding purposes
Bulls must be officially identified
Certified virgin bulls < 24 months of age
Veterinarian certified virgin bulls < 30 months of age
Test-negative bulls > 24 months of age
Test < 60 days
Test-positive bulls go on permit to slaughter < 30 days
Remaining bulls in herd isolated from female cattle until
tested and classified as negative
Requirements effective January 1, 2010
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Test-negative bull in herd of unknown status
3 cultures (not < 7-day intervals) or
1 PCR
Test-negative bull in herd of known infected
status
3 cultures (not < 7-day intervals) or
2 PCR