Download - Borehole Integrity
04/19/23 10.1-1
Borehole Integrity10.1-1
H arold V an ce D ep artm ent
P etro leu m E ngin eer ingTTAA MM
Serguei Jourine
Texas A&M University
1 April 2003
04/19/23 10.1-2
Outline
Deep Water Blowouts and Bridging Wellbore Bridging Model Bridging Scenarios Current Activity Conclusions
04/19/23 10.1-3
Deep Water Blowouts
FOR MORE INFO...
Flak L.: “Control of Well Issues”, “Marine Insurance – Facing the Changed World”, International Union of Marine Insurance-NEW YORK – 2002, on-line http://www.iumi-newyork -2002.org/Flak.htm
4 deepwater sustained underground blowouts controlled by Boots & Coots
3 broached mud line gas flows (20” casing set BOPs installed)
1 BOP Failure Gas Blowout
No oil blowout has reported to date
04/19/23 10.1-4
Deep Water BlowoutsProposed practical solutions:capping,
relief well drilling,
injecting solidified reactive fluids,
inducing bridging
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Fastest and Least Expensive
FOR MORE INFO...
SPE 53974, IADC/SPE 19917, http://www.boots-coots-iwc.com /references/ 02_Ultra-deepwater %20blowouts.htm
39 %
911
95
19
53
Bridging BOP
Cement Depletion
Equipment Mud
Relief Well Missed
0-1 hour1 hour-1 day1-3 days3 days-1 week1 week- 1 month> 1 monthMissed
15%
36%14%
14%
10%4% 7%
Duration Mode of Control
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Bridging Models
The known mechanisms that govern the bridging phenomenon are mostly qualitative
None of the available [simple] simulators can directly model the bridging processes
04/19/23 10.1-7
Outline
Deep Water Blowouts and Bridging Wellbore Bridging Model Bridging Scenarios Current Activity Conclusions
04/19/23 10.1-8
Model ConceptWellbore will bridge if ALL CONDITIONS exist: Unstable productive
formation and/or open hole; Total pressure drop exceed
formation pressure or stable bridge is formed within wellbore;
Formation is strong enough to prevent underground blowout.
UNSTABLE WELLBORE
UNSTABLE FLOW
STABLE BRIDGE
STRONG FORMATION
04/19/23 10.1-9
Model ConceptPressure Profiles
IPR
Wellbore stability
Outflow performance
Produced Solids
FEA & OUTFLOW
FALSEDYNAMIC BRIDGING
FEA
Bridge Stability
TRUESTATIC BRIDGING
Formation Stability
FEATRUE
FALSE
UNSTABLE WELLBORE
UNSTABLE FLOW
STABLE BRIDGE
STRONG FORMATION
C1
C2
C2
C2
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Model: BackgroundInflow Performance: Jones equations for liquid, gas and gas condensate reservoirs; Fetkovich (Normalized back pressure) equation.
Outflow Performance:
1.Multiphase steady state liquid-gas flow analysis based on Beggs and Brill correlation and “3P” flow analyser algorithm (M.Hein);
2.Multiphase steady state solid-fluid flow analysis based on engineering correlations (G.Chase, M.Rhodes)
04/19/23 10.1-11
Model: BackgroundStress-Strength Analysis: Axisymmetrical linear elastic solution for heterogeneous formation (Finite Element Analysis)
Hydro-Mechanical Failure: Mass balance of the produced solids and flowing fluid (particle erosion and Darcy's law for fluid flow in porous media)
04/19/23 10.1-12
Outflow performance curve is totally above the reservoir performance curve
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 50000 100000 150000
Pbh, psi
q, MscfD
300,000 lb/hr
200,000
100,000
0 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 50 100
Mean Stress, MPa
Dif
fere
nti
al S
tre
ss
, MP
a Stresses are less than
strength Mohr-Coulomb and
Drucker-Prager
C2C1Model: Criteria
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Preliminary Model
Inflow Reservoir PerformanceModel
Outflow Wellbore PerformanceModel
Wellbore GeomechanicsModel
Subroutines and Implementation
04/19/23 10.1-14
Excel VBA Fortran 90 Excel-based unified
interface Independent
subroutines Default FEA meshes ASCII export format for
FEA visualization Low hardware
demands
Subroutines and Implementation
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In-Situ Stresses
Data for Criterion 2 BC for FEA
1. Well DescriptionWater depth for offshore fields, ft 6637Depth of Sediments, ft 20700
2. Reservoir DescriptionFractional Porosity at the mud line 0.41Fluid (Water) Density in g/cc 1.074Matrix Density in g/cc 2.6Porosity Depth Model Value, K 8.71E-05 GOM
Pressure Profiles
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Pressure, psi
De
pth
, ft
Overburden
Hydrostatic
1
C20
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 50 100
Mean Stress, MPa
Diff
eren
tial S
tres
s, M
Pa
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2
Gas IPR
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 5000000 10000000 15000000
Gas Rate, Mscf
Pre
sure
, ps
i
Data for Criterion 1
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 50000 100000 150000
Pbh, psi
q, MscfDC1
IPR1. Well Description
Wellbore drainage radius, ft 1053Wellbore radius, ft 0.708
2. Reservoir DescriptionAverage reservoir pressure, psia 15000Reservoir permeability, md 104Reservoir thickness, ft 145Reservoir temperature, oR, 136
3. Oil ReservoirOil viscosity, cp 0.7Oil formation volume factor, bbl/STB 1.4Effective oil permeability, md 104Oil density, lbm/ft 58Flow coefficient (Fetkovich) 102.8Exponent (Fetkovich) 0.5Maximum production rate,StbD 1.75E+05
4. Gas ReservoirPermeability to gas, md 2000Gas compressibility factor 1Gas gravity (air=1) 0.6Gas viscosity, cp 0.012Maximum production rate, MscfD 1.02E+07
Run
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1. Well DescriptionWellbore diameter,inch 16.99Overal Pipe Length, ft 14063Pipe Inclination Angle,rad 1.570796327Leakage Depth, ft 6637
2. Reservoir DescriptionReservoir temperature, oR, 150Fixed Outlet Pressure,psi 3086.319522Starting Reservoir Pressure (Inlet), psi 10000Maximum Gas production rate, MscfD 1.21E+07Maximum Oil production rate, 30Inlet Gas Flow rate,scfd 100Inlet water Flow Rate, stbd 1000GOR 0.00000001
3. Fluid PropertiesGas Gas gravity (air=1) 0.7
Molal %Nitrogen In Gas 0Molal % Carbon Dioxide in Gas 0Molal % Hydrogen Sulfide in Gas 0
Oil Oil Gravity API, degree 40Water Weight % of Salt in Liquid Water 0
4. Calculation ParametersSeparator Temperature, 0F 90Sparator Pressure,psi 14Number of Pipe Increment 50Pressure increment, psi 1000
3Outflow
04/19/23 10.1-18
Pressure Profiles
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Pressure, psiD
epth
, ft
Overburden
Hydrostatic
Fluid
3
Flow rate and pressure distribution along the blowing well Data for Criterion 2 BC for FEA
Gas IPR
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000
12000000
Gas Rate, Mscf
Pres
ure,
psi
C2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 50 100
Mean Stress, MPa
Diff
eren
tial S
tres
s, M
Pa
Outflow
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FEA Subroutines Excel based interface Preprocessor with
default meshes Solver Simple postrocessor Export to common
powerful postprocessors
Visualization (Tecplot 9.0)
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Finite Element Analysis (Preprocessor)
1. Structure and Element DataNumber of elements (Total) 3000Number of elements (R-Direction) 30 Max 30Number of elements (D-Direction) 100Number of nodes 3131Number of Integrating Points 9
2. Mesh and MaterialsYuong Modulus, psi
Poisson Ratio
Rock Density 0
3.Constrains and LoadsNode Freedom Data 31
Number of Loaded Nodes 185R-DirectionD-Direction
4. InformationFEA Files Paths
C:\0_Jourine\Research\Results_05\SingleFEA\P54.dat
5.Create Mesh
Depth of the Top,ft 0Vertical Load, % 58.28427Well Radius ,ft 1Horizontal Load, % 1.6Fluid Pressure, % 0
FEA
04/19/23 10.1-21
Outline
Deep Water Blowouts and Bridging Wellbore Bridging Model Bridging Scenarios Current Activity Conclusions
04/19/23 10.1-22
0
1000
2000
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4000
5000
0 50000 100000 150000Flow Rate
Pre
ss
ure
3
Massive Solid Production
4U
ns
tab
le
Mo
de
rate
S
tab
le
5
Total Wellbore Collapse
6
Negligible Solid Production
Stable Fluid-Solid Flow
Formation Failure
Blowout
7
Bri
dg
e
Stable Fluid Flow Underground Blowout
Bridge Failure
Wellbore BridgingGas Iinflow and Outflow PR
0
2000
4000
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14000
16000
0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000
12000000Gas Rate, Mscf
Pre
sure
, ps
i
Pressure Profiles
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Pressure, psi
De
pth
, ft
Overburden
Hydrostatic
Fluid
1
2
Time, sec
Distance, m
Solid Load
Concentration
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 50000 100000 150000Flow Rate
Pre
ss
ure
3
Massive Solid Production
4U
ns
tab
le
Mo
de
rate
S
tab
le
5
Total Wellbore Collapse
6
Negligible Solid Production
Stable Fluid-Solid Flow
Formation Failure
Blowout
7
Bri
dg
e
Stable Fluid Flow Underground Blowout
Bridge Failure
Wellbore BridgingGas Iinflow and Outflow PR
0
2000
4000
6000
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12000
14000
16000
0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000
12000000Gas Rate, Mscf
Pre
sure
, ps
i
Pressure Profiles
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5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Pressure, psi
De
pth
, ft
Overburden
Hydrostatic
Fluid
1
2
Time, sec
Distance, m
Solid Load
Concentration
Bridging Scenarios
04/19/23 10.1-23
1. Well is out of Control
3
Gas Iinflow and Outflow PR
0
2000
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12000
14000
16000
0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000
12000000Gas Rate, Mscf
Pre
sure
, p
si
Pressure Profiles
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10000
15000
20000
25000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Pressure, psi
Dep
th, f
t
Overburden
Hydrostatic
Fluid
1
2
1. Wellbore and Reservoir Performance Relationships2. Stress and Pressure Distributions
3. Stress-Strength Relationships
Flow and Geomechanics Models
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2. Wellbore Instability
3. Stress-Strength Relationships4. Solid Production Potential
Wellbore Stability Model
4U
nst
able
M
od
erat
e S
t ab
l e
3
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Stable Fluid Flow
3. Solid Production
4. Solid Production Potential
5. Actual Solid Production
Solid Production Model
5
Blowout
Time, sec
Distance, m
Concentration
4Massive Solid Production
Negligible Solid Production
04/19/23 10.1-26
4a. Wellbore Collapse
5. Actual Solid Production
6. Outflow Performance with Actual Solid Load
Flow and Geomechanics Models
5
Massive Solid Production
Negligible Solid Production
0
1000
2000
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4000
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0 50000 100000 150000Flow Rate
Pre
ss
ure
Total Wellbore Collapse
6
Wellbore
Bridging
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4b. Bridge Formation
6. Outflow Performance with Actual Solid Load7. Bridge and Formation Stability
Flow and Geomechanics Models
0
1000
2000
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4000
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0 50000 100000 150000Flow Rate
Pre
ss
ure
6
Stable Fluid-Solid Flow
7B
r id
ge
Blowout
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5. Bridge Stability
7. Bridge and Formation Stability
Flow and Geomechanics Models
7
Bri
dg
e
Blowout
Formation Failure
Underground
Blowout
Bridge Failure
Wellbore
Bridging
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Deep Water Tendency
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 50000 100000 150000Flow Rate
Pre
ss
ure
3
Massive Solid Production
4U
ns
tab
le
Mo
de
rate
S
tab
le
5
Total Wellbore Collapse
6
Negligible Solid Production
Stable Fluid-Solid Flow
Formation Failure
Blowout
7
Bri
dg
e
Stable Fluid Flow Underground Blowout
Bridge Failure
Wellbore BridgingGas Iinflow and Outflow PR
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000
12000000Gas Rate, Mscf
Pre
sure
, ps
i
Pressure Profiles
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Pressure, psi
De
pth
, ft
Overburden
Hydrostatic
Fluid
1
2
Time, sec
Distance, m
Solid Load
Concentration
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 50000 100000 150000Flow Rate
Pre
ss
ure
3
Massive Solid Production
4U
ns
tab
le
Mo
de
rate
S
tab
le
5
Total Wellbore Collapse
6
Negligible Solid Production
Stable Fluid-Solid Flow
Formation Failure
Blowout
7
Bri
dg
e
Stable Fluid Flow Underground Blowout
Bridge Failure
Wellbore BridgingGas Iinflow and Outflow PR
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000
12000000Gas Rate, Mscf
Pre
sure
, ps
i
Pressure Profiles
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
0 5000 10000 15000 20000
Pressure, psi
De
pth
, ft
Overburden
Hydrostatic
Fluid
1
2
Time, sec
Distance, m
Solid Load
Concentration
04/19/23 10.1-30
Outline
Deep Water Blowouts and Bridging Wellbore Bridging Model Bridging Scenarios Current Activity Conclusions
04/19/23 10.1-31
Numerical Procedure
Subroutines Debugging Default FEA Meshes:
- clean wellbore;
- bridged wellbore;
- wellbore bottom.
04/19/23 10.1-32
Rock Properties
Center for Tectonophysics, TAMU
In Progress
04/19/23 10.1-33
Conclusions Model and numerical procedure calculate the flow
properties for a produced solid-fluid mixture and estimate the stress distribution within the borehole under blowout conditions.
Preliminary results of computer simulations provide insight into the predominant factors that control bridging in deep water environment.
The model explains wellbore bridging at early time, possible restarting of fluid flow and increased probability of underground crossflow in bridged well
04/19/23 10.1-34
Conclusions Current activity:
- numerical procedures and code debugging;
- default meshes development for most probable scenarios;
Real data are still critical for model validation
04/19/23 10.1-35
Conclusions The investigation is the part of project "Development of
a Blowout Intervention Method and Dynamic Kill Simulator for Blowouts Occurring in Ultra-Deepwater" conducted under Dr. J.J. Schubert and Dr. P.P. Valko supervision.