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Boredom-Triggered Proactive Recommendations
Research
Smarttention Workshop @ MobileHCI ‘15, Copenhagen, Denmark
Martin Pielot
Linas Baltrunas
Nuria Oliver
Attracting attention is essential to many services
SocialMediaCube. Yoel Ben-Avraham. Apr 8, 2013 via Flickr. CC BY-ND 2.0
Our engagement is now defined by push-driven notifications rather than the traditional pull-driven experience. We’re “hunting and pecking” through our app grid a lot less; the apps that notify us (without over-notifying to the point of uninstall) are rewarded with our engagement (and our dollars).
‚Attention is a limited resource—a person has only so much of it ‘ [Matthew B. Crawford]
Attention Economy: treating human attention as a scarce commodity[Davenport and Beck, 2001]
times square night 2013. chensiyuan. Apr 16, 2013 via Wikipedia. CC BY-SA 4.0
Attention is not always scarce
Show them this photo if someone said technology … . Adam Rifkin. May 21, 2014 via Flickr. CC BY 2.0
Attention is not always scarce
Show them this photo if someone said technology … . Adam Rifkin. May 21, 2014 via Flickr. CC BY 2.0
Boredom displeasure caused by “lack of stimulation or inability to be stimulated thereto.” [Fenichel, 1951].
“a bored person is not just someone who does not have anything to do; it’s someone who is actively looking for stimulation but it is unable to do so” [Eastwood, 2002]
Attention is not always scarce
Mobile phones are a commonly used tool to fill or kill time when bored [Brown et al. 2014]Show them this photo if someone said technology … . Adam Rifkin. May 21, 2014 via
Flickr. CC BY 2.0
Boredom displeasure caused by “lack of stimulation or inability to be stimulated thereto.” [Fenichel, 1951].
“a bored person is not just someone who does not have anything to do; it’s someone who is actively looking for stimulation but it is unable to do so” [Eastwood, 2002]
Attention is not always scarce
Mobile phones are a commonly used tool to fill or kill time when bored [Brown et al. 2014]Show them this photo if someone said technology … . Adam Rifkin. May 21, 2014 via
Flickr. CC BY 2.0
Boredom displeasure caused by “lack of stimulation or inability to be stimulated thereto.” [Fenichel, 1951].
“a bored person is not just someone who does not have anything to do; it’s someone who is actively looking for stimulation but it is unable to do so” [Eastwood, 2002]
Boredom-Triggered Proactive Recommendations
Experience SamplingRight now, I feel bored [5-point Likert scale]
ca. 6 times per dayPreferably triggered when phone in use
Borapp
Category Example Feature ExplanationContext Semantic Location Home, work, other, unknown
Demographics Age, gender 38, female
Last Communication Activity
Time last incoming call
Time passed since somebody called the participants
Usage (intensity) Bytes received Number of bytes downloaded in the last 5 minutes
Usage (externally triggered)
Number of notifications
Number of notifications received in the last 5 minutes
Usage (idling) Number of apps Number of apps launched in the last 5 minutes
Usage (type) Most used app App used for the most time in the last 5 minutes.
35 Features, 7 Categories
Data Collection
54 Participants
For two weeks in July 2014Over 40,000,000 usage logs4398 valid self-reports of boredom
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
34.7%42.8%
48.3%52.1%
56.6%62.4%
66.2%70.1%
74.3%76.3%
Recall
Precision
Precision: 70.1% for 30% recall,
62.4% for 50% recall
74.6% AUCROC
Borapp2
Model running on Mobile PhoneUsing primary data set with normalized ground truth and no proneness scores
Constantly predicts when user is bored on the fly
Data Collection
16 Participants
For two weeks in Feb 2015941 Buzzfeed recommendations48% when predicted bored
Click-ratioFraction of times people clicked on notification
8% when not bored20.5% when bored(as inferred by the model)
Difference significantz = -2.102, p = .018
Large effectr = -.543
Engagement-ratioFraction of times people spent more than 30 sec reading
4% when not bored15% when bored(as inferred by the model)
Difference significantz = -2.102, p = .018
Large effectr = -.511
BackgroundRecommendations fuel many of the big, free internet servicesShift from banners (desktop) to proactive recommendations
(mobile)
ProblemAttention is limitedUncontrolled notification / recommendation spamming =>
banner blindness
SolutionWhen bored, attention is not scarce – stimuli seeking emotional
stateUse boredom as trigger for content-independent proactive
recommendations
Contribution from related researchEvidence that boredom can be predicted from mobile phone
usageWhen predicted bored, more open to proactive recommendations
Martin Pielot
Linas Baltrunas
Nuria Oliver
Research
Smarttention Workshop @ MobileHCI ‘15, Copenhagen, Denmark
Boredom-Triggered Proactive Recommendations